tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-195066295145615112024-03-13T07:37:35.637-07:00let God decide the justhistory and modelsUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger893125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19506629514561511.post-16931197099223807422015-05-11T08:13:00.000-07:002015-05-11T08:13:24.694-07:00lasyt charge<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; color: #706f6f; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 2.2rem; line-height: 2.6rem;"><img alt="Antoine Fauveau Cuirass" src="http://www.nam.ac.uk/waterloo200/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Antoine-Fauveau-Cuirass-700x500.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; font-size: 2.2rem; line-height: 2.6rem; padding: 1px;" /></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">This is a French cuirass, a breastplate worn as body armour by French cavalry. </span><img src="http://www.vectis.co.uk/AuctionImages/124/2002_l.jpg" style="line-height: 2.6rem;" /><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 2.6rem;">The hole is from a British cannonball that smashed through the unlucky soldier’s chest.</span><span style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 2.6rem;"></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 2.6rem;"><span style="color: white;"> </span></span><span style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 2.6rem;"><img height="433" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTyI6AP6B3k-b0Dyyl3eVZtu6K7IXwwaVbeDOynU8HEVIzB0S4F" width="640" /><img height="256" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQxLB1j9zBa00Xe8s_NwgxcKimgooi7hneUSUqtyVIjh8H1XQZf" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; line-height: 2.6rem; padding: 1px;" width="640" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Yet as the British would discover, even these armoured troopers were by no means invincible as this breastplate brings home with shocking force.<img height="640" src="http://traditionoflondonshop.com/product_thumb.php?img=images/30mm_Willie_E129-d1660749.jpg&w=378&h=400" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px;" width="604" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The bulk of Napoleon’s heavy cavalry was made up of the twelve regiments of Cuirassiers, but the elite of the arm, in their own eyes at least, were the men of</span><img height="640" src="https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSdpJDCLTsagxz3pSIvpts6-vSW3y_x5f80nM3Yx3_SqQHYUeLg" width="477" /><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> the two regiments of Carabiniers. With a lineage running back to 1679, the Carabiniers had only been given cuirasses in 1809.<img src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-aeU5-HDcTlE/UMDpjoLU8tI/AAAAAAAABr8/Gn-mkrfecTA/s1600/French_Cuirassiers_07.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px;" /> Unlike the cuirassiers, their armour was gilded with brass rather than being of polished iron, and their old blue uniforms were changed for white.</span><img src="https://www.toysoldierco.com/sitecm/i/brp07959mc-french-cavalry-mint-on-card-cropped-and-saved-to-1-26-x-327.jpg" /><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> Both regiments served with distinction throughout the Napoleonic Wars, and in 1815 were brigaded together under Général de Brigade Blanchard as part of</span><img height="425" src="https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT6LAc55cTTpKHs_n6fwJS2gintvVM2QrMIg8xpT4LsOry_8F3n3w" width="640" /><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> Général de Division Kellermann’s III Corps de Cavalerie.</span><img src="http://www.louis-liljedahl.se/bild-js-img064.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; padding: 1px;" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Riding in the ranks of the 2eme Carabiniers was 23-year-old trooper François-Antoine Fauveau. A recent recruit, Fauveau’s height of 1.79 metres gave him the </span><img src="http://i.ebayimg.com/00/s/NzY4WDEwMjQ=/z/5UsAAOxyaTxTTqLq/$_59.JPG?set_id=8800005007" /><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ideal stature for a heavy cavalry regiment. These, after all, were intended to be big men on big horses, riding down the enemy by the weight of their charge. The young man’s service papers also record that he had a long, freckled face with a large forehead, blue eyes, aquiline nose, and a small mouth.</span><img src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-y6y2HCqLsnA/UMDpWZDiMGI/AAAAAAAABrU/BUYEDO59iqc/s1600/French_Cuirassiers_01.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; padding: 1px;" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">During the afternoon of June 18th, the Carabiniers, along with the rest of the French heavy cavalry, were thrown repeatedly against the squares of allied infantry on the ridge forming the centre-right of Wellington’s line. As the cavalry charged, allied gunners kept them under fire until the last moment before dashing for the safety of their supporting infantry, and it was from one of their guns that Fauveau received his death-wound. Although impressive to look at, and capable of turning a sword-stroke or a pistol ball, no cuirass could deflect a cannon shot.<span style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px;"><img src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vQ0VpzOmeBc/UMDpreNePNI/AAAAAAAABsM/iaIu9GzoCFI/s1600/French_Cuirassiers_10.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px;" /></span><br />There is, however, a twist to the tale. Family legend has it that when his call-up papers arrived, François-Antoine was on the point of getting married, so his brother joined up, and died, in his place. Yet whoever was wearing it on June 18th, this cuirass serves to emphasise the brutality of Napoleonic warfare at a most personal level</span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19506629514561511.post-74499584029882073372015-05-05T23:44:00.001-07:002015-05-05T23:44:10.858-07:00goths death march<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img src="http://www.arts.cornell.edu/jrz3/DBM/25mmLIR15.jpg" height="416" width="640" />T<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">he summer and fall of 376, tens of thousands</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">of displaced Goths and other tribes arrived on the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> Danube River, </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"><img src="http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Travel/Pix/pictures/2008/09/04/danube460.jpg" height="384" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" width="640" /></span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">on the border of the Roman Empire, requesting asylum from the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Huns<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">.</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Fritigern<img src="http://www.all-generals.ru/assets/images/polkovodci/DM/Germantci/fritigern.jpg" height="640" width="398" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, a leader of the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Thervingi<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, appealed to the Roman emperor</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Valens<img src="https://c1.staticflickr.com/5/4120/4736384644_7deff462d3_b.jpg" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">to be allowed to settle with his people on the south bank of the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Danube<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, where they hoped to find refuge from the Huns, who lacked the ability to cross the wide river in force. Valens permitted this, and even helped the Goths cross the river,</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">probably at the fortress of</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Durostorum<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Durostorum-walls.jpg/800px-Durostorum-walls.jpg" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">(modern</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Silistra<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">), Bulgaria.</span><img src="http://www.toysoldiercollector.com/articles/Roman3.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Valens promised the Goths farming land, grain rations, and protection under the Roman <img src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-27NaCjrqKBc/UxJGURzqRGI/AAAAAAAAdW0/_u3kSDmULz8/s1600/P1100093.JPG" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">armies as foederati. His major reasons for quickly accepting the Goths into Roman territory were to increase the size of his army, and to gain a new tax base to increase his treasury.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The selection of Goths that were allowed to cross the Danube was unforgiving: the weak, old, and sickly were left on the far bank to fend for themselves against the Huns.<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Hunnen.jpg" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">The ones that crossed were supposed to have their weapons confiscated;</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">however, the Romans in charge accepted bribes to allow the Goths to retain their weapons.</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">The </span><b style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Huns</b><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> were a </span>nomadic<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> group of people who are known to have lived in </span>Eastern Europe<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, the </span>Caucasus<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">,</span><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/View_of_the_village_Zrikh_in_Dagestan%2C_RF.jpg" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> and </span>Central Asia <span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">between the 1st century AD and the 7th century. They were first reported living east of the </span><img alt="Volga Ulyanovsk-oliv.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Volga_Ulyanovsk-oliv.jpg/1280px-Volga_Ulyanovsk-oliv.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_River" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-decoration: none;" title="Volga River">Volga River</a><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, in an area that was part of </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Scythia</span><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Scythia-Parthia_100_BC.png" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> at the time; the Huns' arrival is associated with the migration westward of a Scythian people, the </span>Alans<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">.(</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">The</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><b style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Alans</b><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, or the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><b style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Alani</b><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, occasionally termed</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><b style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Alauni</b><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">or</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><b style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Halani</b><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">or</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><b style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Yancai</b><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">were an</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Iraniannomadic pastoral<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">people of</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>antiquity.<img height="436" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-gQGwssPelFY/TsOdvN8xc2I/AAAAAAAAASg/YlSk9BSxLKA/s640/7+germans.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" width="640" /></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The Alans are first mentioned by Chinese authors in the 1st century BC as living near the Aral Sea <img alt="AralSea1989 2014.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/AralSea1989_2014.jpg/240px-AralSea1989_2014.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">as vassals of the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Kangju<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">under the name of</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><b style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Yancai</b><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, and were later mentioned by</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Roman<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">authors in the 1st century AD.</span><img src="http://i.imgur.com/RN9hXaB.png" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">At the time they settled the region north of the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Black Sea<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, and frequently raided the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Parthian Empire<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">and the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Caucasian</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">provinces of the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Roman Empire<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">.</span><img height="550" src="http://theminiaturespage.com/news/pics/2008/aug/495896a.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" width="640" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Upon the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Hunnic<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">defeat of the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Goths<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">on the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Pontic Steppe<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">around 375 AD, many of the Alans migrated westwards along with other</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Germanic tribes<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">.</span><img alt="Picture" src="http://theminiaturespage.com/news/pics/2008/aug/495896b.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> They</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossing_of_the_Rhine" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-decoration: none;" title="Crossing of the Rhine">crossed</a><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Rhine</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">in 406 AD along with the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandals" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-decoration: none;" title="Vandals">Vandals</a><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">and</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suebi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-decoration: none;" title="Suebi">Suebi</a><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, settling in</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Orléans</span><img alt="The statue of Jeanne d'Arc, Place du Martroi." height="424" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Orleans1.jpg/270px-Orleans1.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" width="640" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">and</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Valence<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">. Around 409 AD they joined the Vandals and Suebi in the crossing of the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Pyrenees<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">into the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Iberian Peninsula</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">,</span><img src="http://www.fat-wally.com/sitebuilder/images/Picture5-600x450.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> settling in</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Lusitania</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">and</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Carthaginiensis</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">.</span><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Spain_LaCoruna_tower.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">The Iberian Alans were soundly defeated by the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Visigoths<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1e/Alaric_entering_Athens.jpg/640px-Alaric_entering_Athens.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">418 AD, and subsequently surrendered their authority to the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Hasdingi<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Vandals</span><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/026_Rekonstruktionsversuch_wandalicher_Trachten_von_dem_%C3%84u%C3%9Fere_Karpatensenken_und_Westbeskiden%2C_2_bis_3_Jh._PR_DSC_1315_przeworsk.JPG/640px-026_Rekonstruktionsversuch_wandalicher_Trachten_von_dem_%C3%84u%C3%9Fere_Karpatensenken_und_Westbeskiden%2C_2_bis_3_Jh._PR_DSC_1315_przeworsk.JPG" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">.</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">In 428 AD, the Vandals and Alans crossed the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Strait of Gibraltar</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">into</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">North Africa</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, where they founded a</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">powerful kingdom</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">which lasted until its conquest by the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Byzantine</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Emperor</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Justinian I</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><img alt="Meister von San Vitale in Ravenna.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Meister_von_San_Vitale_in_Ravenna.jpg/640px-Meister_von_San_Vitale_in_Ravenna.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">in the 6th century AD.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The Alans who remained under Hunnic rule are said to be the ancestors of the modern Ossetians.</span></div>
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">The Alans spoke an</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Eastern Iranian<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">language which derived from</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Scytho-Sarmatian<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">and which in turn evolved into modern</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Ossetian<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">.</span> They were first mentioned as Hunnoi by </span>Tacitus<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">. In 91 AD, the Huns were said to be living near the </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Caspian Sea</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Caspian_Sea_Kazakhstan_Mangistau.jpg/1024px-Caspian_Sea_Kazakhstan_Mangistau.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /></span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">and by about 150 AD had migrated southeast into the </span>Caucasus<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">.)</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> By 370 AD, the Huns had established a vast, if short-lived, dominion in Europe</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"></span></span></div>
<h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">With so many people in such a small area, famine struck the Goths, and Rome was unable to supply them with either the food they were promised or the land; they herded the Goths into a temporary holding area surrounded by an armed Roman garrison. There was only enough grain left for the Roman garrison, and so they simply let the Goths starve. The Romans provided a grim alternative: the trade of slaves (often children and young women) for dog meat. When Fritigern appealed to Valens for help, he was told that his people would find food and trade in the markets of the distant city of</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Marcianople<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">. </span><img src="http://www.grandmanner.co.uk/admin/images/LR69.jpg" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Having no alternative, some of the Goths trekked south in a</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>death march<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, losing the sickly and old along the path.</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">When they finally reached Marcianople's gates, </span><img src="http://www.hobbyandleisure.co.uk/hlstore/catalog/images/6138.jpg" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">they were barred by the city's military garrison and denied entry; to add insult to injury, the Romans unsuccessfully tried to assassinate the Goth leaders </span><img src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-5bZabbHO6QE/U2tg7B4vP7I/AAAAAAAAPgs/6W3dbGxP28Q/s1600/P1100375.JPG" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">during a banquet. Open revolt began. The main body of Goths spent the rest of 376 and early 377 near the Danube plundering food from the immediate region.</span><img src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-7D8J6wruOXw/U2tg5EprCQI/AAAAAAAAPgk/K8TF8F6fBwc/s1600/P1100374.JPG" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> Roman garrisons were able to defend isolated forts but most of the country was vulnerable to Gothic plunder.</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">In late winter 377 war began in earnest and would last for six years before peace would be restored in 382.</span><img src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xuIkLifBXa4/UypVvsYketI/AAAAAAAAPIs/WGNZytN-W18/s1600/P1100208.JPG" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> The remaining Goths moved south from the Danube to Marcianople, and next appeared near Adrianople. </span><img src="https://s1.scalemates.com/products/img/0/9/2/110092-11067.jpg" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">The Roman response was to send a force under Valens to meet and defeat the Goths. In 378 Valens moved north from</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Constantinople<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bizansist_touchup.jpg/1280px-Bizansist_touchup.jpg" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">and was defeated (and himself killed) at the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Battle of Adrianople (378)<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">(modern</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Edirne<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">). </span><img alt="Selimiye Mosque, commissioned by Selim II and designed by Mimar Sinan in 1575." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Edirne_7333_Nevit.JPG" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">The victory gave the Goths freedom to roam at will, plundering throughout</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Thrace<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">for the rest of 378. In 379 the Goths met only light Roman resistance and advanced north-west into</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Dacia<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, plundering that region.</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">In 380 the Goths divided into Terving and</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Greuthung<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">armies, in part because of the difficulty of keeping such a large number supplied. The Greuthungi moved north into</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Pannonia<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">where they were defeated by western emperor</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Gratian<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">. </span></span></span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">(</span><i><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Latin<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">: </span><span lang="la" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" xml:lang="la">Flavius Gratianus Augustus</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">;</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> 18 April/23 May 359 – 25 August 383) was </span>Roman emperor<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">from 375 to 383. The eldest son of </span>Valentinian I<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">,</span></i><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Solidus_de_Valentinien_MAN.jpg/300px-Solidus_de_Valentinien_MAN.jpg" /><i><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> during his youth Gratian accompanied his father on several campaigns along the </span>Rhine</i><img alt="Loreley mit tal von linker rheinseite.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Loreley_mit_tal_von_linker_rheinseite.jpg/1280px-Loreley_mit_tal_von_linker_rheinseite.jpg" /><i><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> and </span>Danube<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> frontiers. Upon the death of Valentinian in 375, Gratian's brother </span>Valentinian II</i><img alt="Statue of emperor Valentinian II detail.JPG" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Statue_of_emperor_Valentinian_II_detail.JPG/220px-Statue_of_emperor_Valentinian_II_detail.JPG" /><i><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> was declared emperor by his father's soldiers. In 378, Gratian's generals won a decisive victory over the </span>Lentienses<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, a branch of the </span>Alamanni<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, at the </span>Battle of Argentovaria<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">. Gratian subsequently led a campaign across the </span>Rhine<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, the last emperor to do so, and attacked the Lentienses, forcing the tribe to surrender. That same year, his uncle </span>Valens<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> was killed in the </span>Battle of Adrianople</i><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Roman_soldier_end_of_third_century_northern_province_-_cropped.jpg/640px-Roman_soldier_end_of_third_century_northern_province_-_cropped.jpg" /><i><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> against the </span>Goths<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> –</span></i><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Grande_Ludovisi_Altemps_Inv8574.jpg/1280px-Grande_Ludovisi_Altemps_Inv8574.jpg" /><i><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> making Gratian essentially ruler of the entire Roman Empire. He favoured </span>Christianity<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> over </span>traditional Roman religion<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, refusing the </span>divine attributes of the Emperors<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> and removing the</span>Altar of Victory<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> from the </span>Roman Senate</i><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"><i>.</i>)</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Gratian was the son of Emperor</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Valentinian <span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">by</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Marina Severa<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, and was born at </span>Sirmium<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><img src="http://media-cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo-s/02/d8/6e/30/sirmium-palatium-imperiale.jpg" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">(now</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Sremska Mitrovica<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">,</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-decoration: none;" title="Serbia">Serbia</a><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">) in</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Pannonia<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">. He was named after his grandfather</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Gratian the Elder<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">. Gratian was first married to</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Flavia Maxima Constantia<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, daughter of</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Constantius II<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">.</span><img alt="Bust of Constantius II (Mary Harrsch).jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Bust_of_Constantius_II_%28Mary_Harrsch%29.jpg" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> His second wife was</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Laeta<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">. Both marriages remained childless. His stepmother was Empress</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Justina<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">and his paternal half siblings were Emperor</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Valentinian II<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">,</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Galla<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">and Justa.</span></span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">On 4 August 367 he received from his father the title of <i>Augustus</i>. On the death of Valentinian (17 November 375), the troops in Pannonia proclaimed his infant son (by a second wife Justina) emperor under the title of Valentinian II.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Gratian acquiesced in their choice; reserving for himself the administration of theGallic provinces, he handed over Italy, Illyricum and Africa to Valentinian and his mother, who fixed their residence at Mediolanum. The division, however, was merely nominal, and the real authority remained in the hands of Gratian.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Gratian's general Mallobaudes, a king of the Franks,<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/A.D._400-600%2C_Franks_-_025_-_Costumes_of_All_Nations_%281882%29.JPG/800px-A.D._400-600%2C_Franks_-_025_-_Costumes_of_All_Nations_%281882%29.JPG" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> and </span>Naniemus<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, completely defeated the </span>Lentienses<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, the southernmost branch of the </span>Alamanni<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, in May 378 at the </span>Battle of Argentovaria<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">. Upon receiving news of the victory, Gratian personally led a campaign across the Upper Rhine into the territory of the Lentienses. After initial trouble facing the Lentienses on high ground, Gratian blockaded the enemy instead and received their surrender. The Lentienses were forced to supply young men to be levied into the Roman army, while the remainder were allowed to return home. Later that year, Valens met his death in the</span>Battle of Adrianople<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> on 9 August. Valens refused to wait for Gratian and his army to arrive and assist in defeating the host of </span>Goths<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, </span>Alans<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> and </span>Huns<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">; as a result, two-thirds of the eastern Roman army were killed as well.</span><img src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-bNqk-Yp8fJQ/UEThujSIonI/AAAAAAAAAro/DAehNtdGQsk/s1600/romans_outdoor2.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In the same year, the government of the Eastern Empire devolved upon Gratian, but feeling himself unable to resist unaided the incursions of the barbarians, he promoted Theodosius I on 19 January 379 to govern that portion of the Empire. Gratianus and Theodosius then cleared the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Illyricum" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum">Illyricum</a> of barbarians in the Gothic War (376-382).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">For some years Gratian governed the Empire with energy and success but gradually sank into indolence, occupying himself chiefly with the pleasures of the chase, and became a tool in the hands of the Frankish general Merobaudes and bishop St. Ambrose of Milan.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">By taking into his personal service a body of Alans, and appearing in public in the dress of a Scythian<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Scythians_shooting_with_bows_Kertch_antique_Panticapeum_Ukrainia_4th_century_BCE.jpg/1280px-Scythians_shooting_with_bows_Kertch_antique_Panticapeum_Ukrainia_4th_century_BCE.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> warrior, after the disaster of the Battle of Adrianople, he aroused the contempt and resentment of his </span>Roman troops<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">. A Roman general named </span>Magnus Maximus<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> took advantage of this feeling to raise the standard of revolt in </span>Britain<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> and invaded </span>Gaul<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> with a large army. Gratian, who was then in </span>Paris<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, being deserted by his troops, fled to </span>Lyon<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">. There, through the treachery of the governor, Gratian was delivered over to one of the rebel generals, </span>Andragathius<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, and assassinated on 25 August 383.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The reign of Gratian forms an important epoch in ecclesiastical history, since during that period Nicene Christianity for the first time became dominant throughout the empire.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Gratian also published an edict that all their subjects should profess the faith of the bishops of Rome and Alexandria (i.e., the Nicene faith). The move was mainly thrust at the various beliefs that had arisen out of Arianism, but smaller dissident sects, such as the Macedonians, were also prohibited.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Gratian, under the influence of his chief advisor the Bishop of Milan Ambrose, took active steps to repress Pagan worship.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> This brought to an end a period of widespread, if unofficial, religious tolerance that had existed since the time of Julian. "<i>In the long truce between the hostile camps</i>", writes historian Samuel Dill "<i>the pagan, the sceptic, even the formal, the lukewarm Christian, may have come to dream of a mutual toleration which would leave the ancient forms undisturbed but such men, living in a world of literary and antiquarian illusions, know little of the inner forces of the new Christian movement.</i>"</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In 382, Gratian appropriated the income of the Pagan priests and Vestal Virgins, forbade legacies of real property to them and abolished other privileges belonging to the Vestals and to the pontiffs. He confiscated the personal possessions of the colleges of Pagan priests, which also lost all their privileges and immunities. Gratian declared that all of the Pagan temples and shrines were to be confiscated by the government and that their revenues were to be joined to the property of the royal treasury.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">He ordered another removal of the Altar of Victory from the Senate House at Rome, despite protests of the pagan members of the Senate, and confiscated its revenues. Pagan Senators responded by sending an appeal to Gratian, reminding him that he was still the Pontifex Maximus<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/August_Labicana_Massimo_Inv56230.jpg/640px-August_Labicana_Massimo_Inv56230.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> and that it was his duty to see that the Pagan rites were properly performed. They appealed to Gratian to restore the Altar of Victory and the rights and privileges of the Vestal Virgins and priestly colleges. Gratian, at the urging of Ambrose, did not grant an audience to the Pagan Senators. In response to being reminded by the Pagans that he was still the head of the ancestral religion, Gratian refused to wear the insignia of the </span><i style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Pontifex Maximus</i><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> as unbefitting a </span>Christian<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, renouncing the title and office of Pontifex Maximus under the influence of Ambrose, declaring that it was unsuitable for a Christian to hold this office. Gratian was quickly faced with a revolt from </span>Magnus Maximus<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/162_Magnus_Maximus.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> to the throne because he was more sympathetic to the Pagan cause.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Notwithstanding his actions, Gratian was still deified after his death.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">The Tervingi under</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Fritigern<img src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-a5_Y7AtRruY/T5xssT09KrI/AAAAAAAAAmk/1J_LV1G19l4/s1600/Adrian%25C3%25B3polis3.jpg" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">moved south and east to</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Macedonia<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, where they took "protection money" from towns and cities rather than sacking them outright. In 381, forces of the western Empire drove the Goths back to Thrace, where finally in 382, peace was made on October 3.</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">By the end of the war, the Goths had killed a Roman emperor, destroyed a Roman army and laid waste large tracts of the Roman Balkans, much of which never recovered. The Roman Empire had for the first time negotiated a peace settlement with an autonomous barbarian tribe inside the borders of the Empire, a situation that a generation before would have been unthinkable.</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">The lesson was not lost on other tribes, as well as the Goths themselves, who would not remain peaceful for long. Within a hundred years the Western Empire would collapse under the pressure of continued invasions as the Empire was carved up into barbarian kingdoms.</span></span></h2>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19506629514561511.post-77049114785782047422015-05-03T15:07:00.002-07:002015-05-03T15:07:31.950-07:00RIFLEMAN HARRIS <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_SERTIMZuS88/TKcvnMkmj6I/AAAAAAAASf8/8zUqwLhaKK4/s1600/DSCF0003.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_SERTIMZuS88/TKcvnMkmj6I/AAAAAAAASf8/8zUqwLhaKK4/s640/DSCF0003.jpg" height="480" px="true" width="640" /></a>All soldiers are sold unpainted unless you ask first.</div>
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toy soldiers are painted (these are the garibaldi series.</div>
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a compendium of the soldiers I have for sale at the moment all designed by myself and made in the u.k. These pieces are based on a tale told by RIFLEMAN Harris. all pieces are 10.00 and build into a set of 7 pieces.Apart from these I have Terence Hill character from french foreign Legion film MARCH OR DIE firing machine gun plus US/Mexican war 8 figures here plus Garibaldi in naples. all sets come in wooden boxes and we are the best value of any company.Post 10 per cent or cost. To the USA its just 5% at the moment as a way of enticing our USA friends.You may purchase any of the soldiers here in kit form.</div>
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<i style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"><b>The Recollections of Rifleman Harris</b></i><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> is a memoir published in 1848 of the experiences of an enlisted soldier in the </span>95th Regiment of Foot<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> in the British Army during the </span>Napoleonic Wars<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">.</span><img src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/_SERTIMZuS88/TKcwpVHsjYI/AAAAAAAASgI/vCQ4TZtkg88/s640/DSC05474.JPG" style="text-align: left;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> The eponymous soldier was </span>Benjamin Randell Harris<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">, a private who joined the regiment in 1803 and served in many of the early campaigns in the </span>Peninsula War<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">.</span><img src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/_SERTIMZuS88/TKcyhvy8abI/AAAAAAAASgc/1e6SlHLopoA/s640/DSC05480.JPG" style="text-align: left;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> In the mid-1830s, Harris was working as a</span>cobbler<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> in London when he met an acquaintance, Captain Henry Curling, who asked him to dictate an account of his experiences of army life.</span><img src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/_SERTIMZuS88/TKcy6mMEh8I/AAAAAAAASgg/m844Vx7gz9A/s640/DSC05481.JPG" style="text-align: left;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> This account was then held by Curling until 1848, when he succeeded in getting the manuscript published, preserving one of the very few surviving</span><img src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/_SERTIMZuS88/TKcx0y8dsjI/AAAAAAAASgU/khMjQmsOuec/s640/DSC05477.JPG" style="text-align: left;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> accounts of military service in this era from a private soldier.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">The account begins with a description of Harris’ </span><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/_SERTIMZuS88/TKc0-YL8zGI/AAAAAAAAShA/UMpQTH6EhKc/s640/DSC05490.JPG" style="text-align: left;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">recruitment in the army via the militia and the</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>66th Regiment of Foot<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/The_Maiwand_Lion%2C_Forbury_Gardens%2C_Reading_2.jpg/800px-The_Maiwand_Lion%2C_Forbury_Gardens%2C_Reading_2.jpg" style="text-align: left;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">in</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Stalbridge<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">, from where he was sent on garrison duty to Ireland and joined the 95th Rifles. </span><img src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/_SERTIMZuS88/TKczOpQ7I-I/AAAAAAAASgk/R6R8wTPBkjk/s640/DSC05483.JPG" style="text-align: left;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">The account reveals many details of army life in the period, including a graphic depiction of an execution by firing squad and a description of the actions and progress of a recruiting party through </span><img src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/_SERTIMZuS88/TKcxHRVE7WI/AAAAAAAASgM/WJONDed0Xb8/s640/DSC05475.JPG" style="text-align: left;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">Ireland, which reveals the endemic alcoholism and religious rivalry which Ireland and the army of the time was subject to. Harris notes particular difficulty in separating Catholic and Protestant Irish recruits.</span><img src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/_SERTIMZuS88/TKc0LueQcmI/AAAAAAAASg4/u9ruVNOYsdM/s640/DSC05488.JPG" style="text-align: left;" /></div>
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Harris was sent to Denmark in 1807, where he participated in the campaign which surrounded the bombardment of Copenhagen,<img alt="Copenhagen on fire 1807 by CW Eckersberg.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Copenhagen_on_fire_1807_by_CW_Eckersberg.jpg" height="640" style="background-color: transparent;" width="498" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> including seeing his first fighting near</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Køge<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">and</span><img alt="Køge Torv with its statue of Frederick VII" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/K%C3%B8ge_-_statue_af_Frederik_7._-_Torvet.jpg/800px-K%C3%B8ge_-_statue_af_Frederik_7._-_Torvet.jpg" style="background-color: transparent;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> observing</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Congreve rockets</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">in action for the first time. Harris also recounts further experiences of drunkenness and ill-discipline amongst the largely inexperienced soldiery. He also served in 1808 with several men who had participated in the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>South American expedition of 1807<img alt="La Reconquista de Buenos Aires.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/74/La_Reconquista_de_Buenos_Aires.jpg" style="background-color: transparent;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, and offers comment and anecdotes on that campaign and the subsequent trial of General</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">John Whitelocke</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">,</span><img alt="John whitelocke.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/John_whitelocke.jpg/220px-John_whitelocke.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> whom Harris holds in contempt.</span><img src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/_SERTIMZuS88/TKc0BfE-koI/AAAAAAAASg0/_k2Kk9jqCQc/s640/DSC05487.JPG" style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /></div>
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In the summer of 1808 Harris was dispatched to Portugal to participate in the opening actions of the Peninsula War, seeing action in the opening skirmish at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93bidos,_Portugal" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Óbidos, Portugal">Óbidos</a> and subsequently the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rolica" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Battle of Rolica">Battle of Rolica</a>, where Harris’ unit was heavily engaged and Harris offers a vivid description of the engagement, at which a number of his close friends were killed. This is followed by a description of the Battle of Vimeiro <img alt="Batalha do Vimeiro.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Batalha_do_Vimeiro.jpg/1024px-Batalha_do_Vimeiro.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">where he was again heavily engaged and follows the army on the ensuing march to </span>Salamanca<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><img alt="View of Salamanca" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Salamanca_2008.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">and the clash with the French at </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Sahagún</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">. This is followed by a graphic depiction of the horrific march northwards during the Galician campaign culminating in the </span>Battle of Corunna<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">.</span><img alt="36 214430~death-of-sir-john-moore-(1761-1809)-january-17th-1809,-from-'the-martial-achievements-of-great-britain-and-her-allies-from-1799-.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/36_214430~death-of-sir-john-moore-%281761-1809%29-january-17th-1809%2C-from-%27the-martial-achievements-of-great-britain-and-her-allies-from-1799-.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> Harris and his regiment were amongst the final troops evacuated from the beaches, and they returned to England where Harris served in recruitment and training positions, thus providing readers with a rare insight into rural Georgian England from a lower class perspective.</span><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/_SERTIMZuS88/TKczs0H0aMI/AAAAAAAASgs/2HA_xSs8Mes/s640/DSC05485.JPG" style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /></div>
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From England Harris and the 95th were sent to Walcheren to participate in the catastrophic Walcheren Expedition. The narrator acutely demonstrates the squalid conditions and indecisive generalship which led to the ensuing disaster in the marshy land and high summer of Holland. Harris himself fell ill from the ague which killed two thirds of the expeditionary force, and thus also provides an insight into the medical care and treatments available to soldiers during the Georgian period, a disease from which he never fully recovered. For the next three years, despite determined efforts to rejoin his unit in Spain, Harris was unable to participate in the wars due to his recurring malarial fevers. During this period of inactivity and ill-health at the depot in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hythe,_Kent" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hythe, Kent">Hythe</a>, Harris recounts many stories told to him by his comrades and contemporaries of their service on the Peninsula, including tales of the <img alt="Siege of Badajoz, by Richard Caton Woodville Jr.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Siege_of_Badajoz%2C_by_Richard_Caton_Woodville_Jr.jpg/1024px-Siege_of_Badajoz%2C_by_Richard_Caton_Woodville_Jr.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Siege of Badajoz</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> and the Siege of San Sebastian.</span><img src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/_SERTIMZuS88/TKcyM8KbCOI/AAAAAAAASgY/2myzl-VBXUw/s640/DSC05478.JPG" style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /></div>
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In 1813 and 1814, Harris was attached to the 8th Veteran's Battalion based in London, having been rejected from foreign service by the Duke of Wellington, who decreed no survivors of Walcheren were to serve in his army as none were fit for marching or fighting. There he served alongside several detachments of French deserters, again witnessing the frequent brutal punishment of the day, when a man was given 700 lashes for desertion. Stricken with illness, he was unable to rejoin his regiment during the Hundred DaysCampaign and thus forfeited his pension. Nonetheless, Harris’ final words on the subject are very revealing. <i>"I enjoyed life more whilst on active service than I have ever done since, and I look back on my time spent on the fields of the Peninsula as the only part worthy of remembr</i></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">The book is perhaps most important in the manner in which it provides the viewpoint of one of Wellington's foot soldiers at a time when so many were illiterate. Whilst many officers</span><span style="font-size: 11.1999998092651px; line-height: 11.1999998092651px; white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">kept diaries or wrote memoirs of their service, ‘’The Recollections of Rifleman Harris’’ is rare because unlike the grand actions or great people recalled by his superiors, Harris mentions dozens of men whose history is no longer remembered and whose names would otherwise be lost, and records the details of daily</span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><i style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">ennui</i><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> with interesting and colloquial prose. He describes medicine from a patients’ point of view, punishment from a friend of the victim's view and military life from the bottom up, giving otherwise unknown insight to the daily life of a soldier in the Napoleonic Wars, as well as a unique primary source to some of the British campaign.</span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">During Harris’ life the book was neither popular nor well-received </span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"><img src="http://www.exciting.org.uk/postcards/chelsea/a-f/burrage/12.jpg" height="419" style="background-color: transparent;" width="640" /></span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">critically, fading into obscurity for many years before being rediscovered in the early years of the twentieth century. The book has since been republished many times, with a number of commentaries, some rather poorly researched, even reporting Harris’ first name as John.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">In more recent times a freshly researched volume by historian Eileen Hathaway has been published which removes many of the older mistakes and contains a foreword by the author</span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Bernard Cornwell</span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, who used the memoir as a source for his</span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Sharpe series</span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, even basing a minor character on Harris, albeit with a very different career. Likewise in the</span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><i style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Sharpe</i><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">TV series, the actor</span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Jason Salkey</span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">played a rifleman very loosely based on Benjamin Harris. Salkey later recorded an audiobook version of</span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><i style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">The Recollections of Rifleman </i><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/_SERTIMZuS88/TKcz2dai0MI/AAAAAAAASgw/r8r9K2vtijM/s640/DSC05486.JPG" style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /></span><i style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Harris</i><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">.</span></div>
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"https://images-blogger-opensocial.googleusercontent.com/gadgets/proxy?url=http%3A%2F%2F4.bp.blogspot.com%2F_SERTIMZuS88%2FTKcxHRVE7WI%2FAAAAAAAASgM%2FWJONDed0Xb8%2Fs640%2FDSC05475.JPG&container=blogger&gadget=a&rewriteMime=image%2F*" with "https://4.bp.blogspot.com/_SERTIMZuS88/TKcxHRVE7WI/AAAAAAAASgM/WJONDed0Xb8/s640/DSC05475.JPG" --><!-- Blogger automated replacement: "https://images-blogger-opensocial.googleusercontent.com/gadgets/proxy?url=http%3A%2F%2F2.bp.blogspot.com%2F_SERTIMZuS88%2FTKc0LueQcmI%2FAAAAAAAASg4%2Fu9ruVNOYsdM%2Fs640%2FDSC05488.JPG&container=blogger&gadget=a&rewriteMime=image%2F*" with "https://2.bp.blogspot.com/_SERTIMZuS88/TKc0LueQcmI/AAAAAAAASg4/u9ruVNOYsdM/s640/DSC05488.JPG" -->Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19506629514561511.post-1384245868326844842015-04-30T04:50:00.001-07:002015-04-30T04:50:39.621-07:00 Oglala<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">1864, as the Civil War ground toward its bloody finish, the West was aflame in widespread Indian conflicts of unimaginable violence and scope. Unconcerned by the dangers of traveling in small groups, a party of Idaho-bound emigrants camped on Little Box Elder Creek in present-day Wyoming.</span><img src="http://www.greeninkgalleryandstudios.com/Images/P1010102.JPG" /> On July 12, they were detected by a roaming party of Oglala led by their war chief, Ottawa.</div>
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As the Indians approached, the emigrants prepared to issue a welcome of powder and shot, but Fanny Kelly dissuaded them. She passionately pointed out the Indians’ overwhelming numbers. Fanny’s husband, Josiah, acceded to her pleas and parlayed with the Sioux. The warriors demanded provisions and a prized racehorse. The Kellys gave everything asked for, save Josiah’s guns.</div>
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<span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">The emigrants were allowed to go in peace, but became apprehensive as the warriors continued to travel with them. Approaching a rocky glen and fearing a trap within, Josiah called a halt. Josiah convinced the leader to accept a farewell feast before departing.</span></div>
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<span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">As the emigrants prepared dinner, the Oglala attacked, killing or wounding all seven men. Fanny, her seven-year-old niece and adopted daughter Mary and another woman and child were whisked into captivity. Fanny devised a plan for Mary to escape. After dark, Mary slipped off the horse carrying her to make her way back to the massacre site. But warriors detected Mary’s escape and headed back to kill her; Mary’s scalped and arrow-ridden body was discovered a few days later by her father and his soldier escorts.</span><img height="620" src="http://thumbs4.ebaystatic.com/d/l225/m/mduTelEJClchRsK_yMuMZBQ.jpg" width="640" /></div>
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<span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Fanny despaired the loss of her entire family and the role her advice had played in these events. After a disastrous attack by Union Brig. Gen. Alfred Sully’s force</span><img src="http://history.nd.gov/historicsites/sibleysully/images/history%20images/general-alfred-sully.jpg" />, the Sioux threatened to burn Fanny at the stake; Ottawa spared her. For the next five months, Fanny was passed around between tribes.</div>
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<span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Fanny gained notoriety while in the Indian camp at a little-known action near Rhame, North Dakota.</span><img src="https://c2.staticflickr.com/2/1138/1105146741_1f7845f502_b.jpg" /> The September 5 fight at a makeshift sod fort, Fort Dilts, <img src="https://c1.staticflickr.com/9/8189/8083346241_7a26818b8a_b.jpg" />was one of the only recorded iconic wagons-in-a-circle siege, as Sitting Bull’s warriors surrounded James L. Fisk’s wagon train. Fanny penned notes from the Indians to the besieged wagon party. She cleverly inserted pleas for her release among the Sioux demands. Fisk unsuccessfully tried to ransom her, and the Indians scattered when an Army relief force arrived.</div>
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<span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Fanny became a valuable commodity and eventually was turned in for ransom (reportedly 19 horses) at Fort Sully on or around December 9. Her captors and subsequent owners had moved her across hundreds of miles of the Northern Plains. She experienced prairie fires, warfare, starvation, physical abuse and scrapes with death. Fanny was reunited with Josiah, and her captivity narrative remains a classic.</span><img height="355" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSV4_QkjEvTlbMk3d60Xnarkc9q1gQj4cQpAN1_tqh-1YvnZLMk" width="640" /></div>
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<strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">SURVIVAL TIPS</strong></div>
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<strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">How to start a fire</strong><img src="http://i.ebayimg.com/00/s/ODU5WDY1OQ==/z/0u8AAOSw7ThUqrft/$_1.JPG?set_id=880000500F" /></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=19506629514561511" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Prior to the invention of the friction match in 1826, starting a fire often involved flint and steel. Iron has properties that allow it to spontaneously ignite at normal temperatures. Flint, being harder than steel or iron, detaches particles of iron when the two are struck together.</span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"></span><img src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-8Wj6OO6UhFA/USreCYWm7-I/AAAAAAAAEw0/FYiwzZFOVVY/s1600/unknown_54mm_7thcav_02_sml.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">The sparks can kindle various materials, such as a char cloth. You can make this blackened cotton cloth with an Altoids mint tin. Punch a small hole in the lid, so the gas doesn’t pressurize and cause the tin to explode. Closely pack a cotton cloth, like a white t-shirt, inside the tin and heat over a fire. Wait until the tin cools to open.</span></div>
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<span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Flint is common in most areas of the West and easy to find. Iron is found in many places naturally, though our ancestors have littered the West with metal refuse that you could also use. You can fabricate tinder by shredding a piece of rope, or create it naturally, through evergreens, especially pines.</span></div>
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Look around and see what the environment has to offer. If you can make a hot spark and have dry tinder, you can have fire.</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19506629514561511.post-11027373114046975742015-04-30T04:42:00.003-07:002015-04-30T04:42:46.834-07:00hoplites<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><b>Hoplites</b> were citizen-soldiers of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greek</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-state" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="City-state">city-states</a> who were primarily armed with spears and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shield" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Shield">shields</a>. Their main tactic was the phalanx formation. <img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Greek_Phalanx.jpg" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">The hoplites were primarily free citizens—propertied farmers and artisans—who were able to afford the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>bronze<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">armor suit and weapons (estimated at a third to a half of its able-bodied adult male population).</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Hoplites generally received basic military training.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">In the 8th or 7th century BC Greek armies adopted a military innovation known as the phalanx formation. This tactic proved successful in defeating the Persians when employed by the Athenians at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC<img alt="Ac.marathon.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Ac.marathon.jpg" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> during the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>First Greco-Persian War<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">. The Persian archers and light troops who fought in the Battle of Marathon failed, in part, because their bows were too weak for their arrows to penetrate the Greek shields and armor, and their own armor and shields could not stand up to the longer spears and swords of the Greeks. The phalanx was also successfully employed by the Greeks at the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Battle of Thermopylae<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">in 480 BC</span><img alt="Thermopylae ancient coastline large.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Thermopylae_ancient_coastline_large.jpg/800px-Thermopylae_ancient_coastline_large.jpg" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> and at the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Battle of Plataea<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">in 479 BC during the</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Persian_invasion_of_Greece" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-decoration: none;" title="Second Persian invasion of Greece">Second Greco-Persian War</a><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">.</span><img alt="Plain of Plataea, from Mount Cithaeron engraving by William Miller after H W Williams.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Plain_of_Plataea%2C_from_Mount_Cithaeron_engraving_by_William_Miller_after_H_W_Williams.jpg/800px-Plain_of_Plataea%2C_from_Mount_Cithaeron_engraving_by_William_Miller_after_H_W_Williams.jpg" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">The word <i>hoplite</i> (Greek: <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὁπλίτης</span> <i>hoplitēs</i>; pl. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὁπλῖται</span> <i>hoplitai</i>) derives from <i>hoplon</i> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὅπλον</span>, plural <i>hopla</i> <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὅπλα</span>), the type of shield used by the soldiers. There is however considerable debate about this as the shield was more commonly known as an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Aspis">aspis</a>.</span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Although, as a word,</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><i style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">hopla</i><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">could also denote the soldiers' weapons or even their full armament.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.1999998092651px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoplite#cite_note-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">In later usage, the term</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><i style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">hoplite</i><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">is used to denote any armored</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-decoration: none;" title="Infantry">infantry</a><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">such as the</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Swiss mercenaries<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">during the</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Burgundian Wars<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">(1474–1477). In the modern</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Hellenic Army<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, the word</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><i style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">hoplite</i><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">(</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-decoration: none;" title="Greek language">Greek</a><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">:</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span lang="el" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" xml:lang="el">oπλίτης</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">) is used to refer to an infantryman.</span><img alt="Expeditionary Force Hoplites (EXP103)" src="https://haroldsrangers.files.wordpress.com/2014/01/exp103-hoplites-red-larger-composite1.jpg?w=500&h=303" /></span></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19506629514561511.post-61388723726458431572015-04-30T04:30:00.001-07:002015-04-30T04:30:25.775-07:00T.62s<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><img alt="Andy Claesens built Trumpeters 1/35 IT-1 Missile tank" src="http://www.militarymodelling.com/sites/1/images/article_images_month/2013-06/trump%20it-1%20article_header.jpg" /></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> This is an unusual and little known area of Cold War thinking and is based on the T-62 chassis. As I've built one of the Trumpeter T-62s before I did not expect any nasty surprises along the way and the build was very enjoyable and the kit was almost vice less (but more on that shortly).</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">During the mid-Fifties, with the progression of Anti-Tank Guided Missiles (ATGM) as effective weapons, Soviet tank design bureaus found themselves under great pressure from the very top to develop ATGM armed vehicles. The Soviet Premier, Nikita Khrushchev was convinced that conventionally armed tanks were reaching the end of their lives and in 1956 he ordered that the four main Tank Design Bureaus start moving things forward to develop this ATGM concept. The Soviet military was resentful of his perceived meddling and involvement and their reluctance to take things further was supported by the technical impracticalities of the time.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">However, in the early-Sixties projects were begun and the Kartsev Design Bureau in NizhnyTagil began work on Obiekt 150, a missile armed tank based on the hull of a T-62 with a redesigned low-profile turret. It had a crew of three, driver, gunner and commander in conventional layout and was armed with a pop-up missile launcher fitted into the turret along with a 7.62 mm PKT machine gun with 2000 rounds of ammunition. Twelve 3M7 Drakon (Dragon) missiles were stored in an automatic loader with a further three stored in an unarmoured box on the back of the turret. The Drakon was specially developed for usage in Obiekt 150 and although details of the missile are largely unknown it was believed that it may have used the AT-1 Falanga missile as it’s’ basis. Launched slightly upward and at an angle to offset any wind drift during the first second of unguided flight the missile was tracked using a tracer on the rear of the missile. This allowed the guidance system to track the missile and transmit radio commands to it (using a combination of seven frequencies and two codes to prevent vehicles within a single unit interfering with each other) which were decoded by the missile and translated into deflection of the missiles fins. Night-vision equipment enabled some night operation but reduced the missile's range considerably. This relatively conventional design layout was the least adventurous of those put forward by the Design Bureaus and the only design that made it to production status.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In September 1964 Nikita Khrushchev observed a firepower demonstration of the Obiekt 150 at Kubinka, where in short succession three moving tank targets were destroyed. He excitedly reported his observations to a Party Conference the following day and told them he believed that tanks would become obsolescent. He had already cancelled heavy tank production and it was widely felt that medium tank production was also under threat. So, the Ground Forces heaved a huge sigh of relief when one month later Khrushchev was ousted from power by Leonid Brezhnev, who adopted a far more traditionalist approach to the military and military production.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">A small production series of Obiekt 150 was ordered as IT-1 (Istrebitel Tankov or Tank Destroyer) and used to form two Tank Destroyer Battalions. One was manned by tank crews whilst the other by artillery troops as a test of concept. One served in the Carpathian Military District and the other in the Byelorussian Military District. Further production occurred between 1968 and 1970 but the IT-1 was not well liked for a number of reasons. The guidance system was heavy, weighing 520 Kg which affected the vehicles performance, the size of the missile meant that ammunition storage was not great pointing towards constant resupply and the large dead-zone around the tanks due to the missiles' minimum range all contributed to its unpopularity. With the pressure for this type of weapon system lessening all the vehicles were removed from service and converted to recovery variants. The only survivor that I am aware of is the one in the Kubinka Museum.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">From a build perspective the rolling gear and lower hull were very straightforward. On this example however there had been a “short moulding” issue with the rear side of the hull, which left a chunk missing. A shame and an unusual situation in a modern kit but it was no great problem to deal with. Patched with plasticard it was resolved rapidly and I could look to closing up the hull. The upper hull went on simply and all the tool boxes etc were fitted easily. On the glacis plate the light guards are provided as two parts, which frankly don’t look great. Making a replacement with wire makes a huge difference and sits better in terms of scale thickness.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">I left off the fender mounted fuel cells until towards the end of the build as they needed some work. Trumpeter has fallen into the same pit that Tamiya have with their T-62. Despite the box art showing the lifting handles on the fuel cells to be in the correct position they are moulded incorrectly and need rectifying. Again this is not difficult just a little annoying when their box art artist can get it right. Before final fitting of the cells the obvious external plumbing that is a feature of all T-54/55s and T-62s needs to be made. This I did with my trusty coil of old BT cable, utilising the outer sleeve as connectors. The odd nature of the turret and missile system are well represented by new sprues and this bit of the build went together well with no issues at all. The individual link tracks went together like a dream, (far easier than I remember doing on the previous T-62). A footnote to this build is something I only noted on the final stages when marrying up the turret to the hull. The turret actually fouls on the drivers hatch and approximately one millimetre has to be removed from the rear of the hatch to allow it to sit right. I thought it might be the way that I had fitted the hatch but there is no slack in the fitting of it and it is where it is.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Paint options are limited… green with no decals. The fact that this beast had such a limited service career pushed me to the view that a museum exhibit finish would be the way to go. This decision then presents further challenges in making a monochromatic scheme interesting and not being able to hide any flaws with mud & dust. I started with a primer coat of Halfords Matt Black. Not my usual choice but I was looking at a deeper finish to the green. Using Tamiya TS-28 Olive Drab 2 from their rattler range the whole thing had two coats and was allowed to cure. After that I had a go at a variation on the fractal style that Steve Zaloga used when he built his T-62 for the magazine. Stippling on various different mixes of Tamiya Field Grey with Games Workshop Catechan Green and Commando Khaki was enough to add interest to the basecoat and I'm quite happy with the end result. The tracks were painted with Games Workshop Chaos Black and then whilst still wet, heavily dry-brushed with Games Workshop Boltgun Metal.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Overall this was a great kit to build and aside from the few issues I encountered went together very well. Maybe not the most attractive vehicle in the world I can't see Trumpeter selling as many of these as they will their T-62s & T-64s. Nonetheless I think they are to be applauded for tackling some lesser well known subjects and I am pleased that it adds an interesting item to my Soviet Equipment Inventory . I'd like to thank Robin for the opportunity to build it for the site and I'd happily recommend the kit to all.</span></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19506629514561511.post-88878687076399858812015-04-27T13:05:00.001-07:002015-04-27T13:05:18.788-07:00bande nere<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><img src="http://www.ivid.it/fotogallery/imagesearch/images/giovanni_dalle_bande_nere_vittorio_gassman_sergio_grieco_008_jpg_ggas.jpg" /><span style="font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">According to the tradition, the </span><i style="font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">frazione</i><span style="font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> of Governolo was the seat of the meeting between </span>Pope Leo I</span></span><img alt="Herrera mozo San León magno Lienzo. Óvalo. 164 x 105 cm. Museo del Prado.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Herrera_mozo_San_Le%C3%B3n_magno_Lienzo._%C3%93valo._164_x_105_cm._Museo_del_Prado.jpg/220px-Herrera_mozo_San_Le%C3%B3n_magno_Lienzo._%C3%93valo._164_x_105_cm._Museo_del_Prado.jpg" /><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> and </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Attila</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> in 452. Also in Governolo the </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">condottiero</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Giovanni dalle Bande Nere</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><img alt="Gbnere pace 1.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gbnere_pace_1.jpg/220px-Gbnere_pace_1.jpg" style="background-color: black; color: white;" /><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">was shot by a cannonball in 1526, later dying out of the wounds received.</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Giovanni was born in the Northern Italian town of</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Forlì</span><img alt="Piazza Saffi" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Piazza_Saffi_al_tramonto.JPG/800px-Piazza_Saffi_al_tramonto.JPG" style="background-color: black; color: white;" /><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">to</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Giovanni de' Medici</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">(also known as</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><i style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">il Popolano</i><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">) and</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Caterina Sforza</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">,</span><img alt="Caterina Sforza.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Caterina_Sforza.jpg/250px-Caterina_Sforza.jpg" style="background-color: black; color: white;" /><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> one of the most famous women of the</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Italian Renaissance</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">.</span><img src="http://www.mole24.it/m24-content/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/battaglia-di-Governolo.jpg" style="background-color: black; color: white;" /><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">From an early age, he demonstrated great interest and ability in physical activity, especially the martial arts of the age: horse riding, sword-fighting, etc.<img src="data:image/jpeg;base64,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" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> He committed his first murder at the age of 12, and was twice banished from the city of</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Florence</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">for his unruly </span><img src="http://i1211.photobucket.com/albums/cc431/Histcon/P1010004.jpg" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">behavior, including involvement in the rape of a sixteen-year-old boy, Giovanni being about thirteen at the time.</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">He had a son,Cosimo</span><img alt="Agnolo Bronzino - Cosimo I de' Medici in armour - Google Art Project.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Agnolo_Bronzino_-_Cosimo_I_de%27_Medici_in_armour_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/229px-Agnolo_Bronzino_-_Cosimo_I_de%27_Medici_in_armour_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">(1519–1574), who went on to become Grand Duke of Florence.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">As a symbol of mourning for the death of Pope Leo X (December 1, 1521), Giovanni added black </span><img src="http://i1211.photobucket.com/albums/cc431/Histcon/CIMG0544.jpg" height="415" width="640" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">stripes to his</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">insignia</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, whence comes his nickname, Giovanni dalle Bande Nere (or Giovanni of the </span><img src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-E_d0vvwz-U4/VOjQlI7xvLI/AAAAAAAADsY/Mc2EGjmugaA/s1600/pavia%2B035.JPG" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Black Bands). In August 1523 he was hired by the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Imperial</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">army, and in January 1524 he defeated the French and the Swiss at</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Caprino Bergamasco</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">.</span><img alt="Church" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/CaprinoBG1.JPG/800px-CaprinoBG1.JPG" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> In the same year another Medici, Giulio di Giuliano, became Pope, and took the name of</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Clement VII</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">. The new Pope paid all of Giovanni's debt, but in exchange ordered him to switch to the French side of </span><img src="http://www.olsi.it/cronache/ita1550.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">the ongoing conflict. He did not take part in the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">battle of Pavia</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, but was soon severely wounded in a skirmish and later had to move to</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Venice</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">to recuperate from his wounds.</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Giovanni became </span><img src="http://www.lanazione.it/cultura/2012/11/19/804802/images/1610330-mestiere_delle_armi.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">a</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><i style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">condottiero</i><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, or mercenary military captain, in the employ of</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Pope Leo X</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">(Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici) and on March 5, 1516 led</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>the war<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">against</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Francesco Maria I della Rovere, Duke of Urbino</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">. He </span><img src="http://www.perry-miniatures.com/images/ao/ao28.jpg" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">thenceforth formed a company of his own, mounted on light horses and specializing in fast but devastating skirmishing tactics and ambushes. In 1520 he defeated several rebel barons in </span><img src="http://www.mole24.it/m24-content/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/il-mestiere-delle-armi.jpg" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Marche</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">. The following year Leo X allied with </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Emperor Charles V</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">against King</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Francis I of France</span><img alt="Francis1-1.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Francis1-1.jpg/640px-Francis1-1.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /><br />
<span style="color: white; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="color: white;"><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">t<span style="background-color: black;">o regain Milan,</span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Parma<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">and</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Piacenza<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">; Giovanni was called in under the command of</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/RetratoColonna.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /></span></span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">Prospero </span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Colonna</span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, defeating the French at</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Vaprio d'Adda</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">in November.</span></span></span><img alt="The river Adda from Vaprio d’Adda." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Adda_at_Canonica_d%E2%80%99Adda_%28Ian_Spackman_2007-007-19%29.jpg" style="color: white; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">In 1526 the War of the League of Cognac broke out.<img alt="Emperor charles v.png" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Emperor_charles_v.png/640px-Emperor_charles_v.png" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> The League's captain general, Francesco Maria I della Rovere, abandoned Milan in the face of the </span><img src="http://www.mole24.it/m24-content/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/lanzichenecchi-2.jpg" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">overwhelming superiority of the Imperial army led by</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Georg von Frundsberg</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">. Giovanni was able to defeat the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Landsknechts</span><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Landsknechte.jpg/1280px-Landsknechte.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">rearguard at the confluence of the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Mincio<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">with the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Po River</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">.</span><img alt="Cremona Po Bridge.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Cremona_Po_Bridge.jpg/800px-Cremona_Po_Bridge.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /></span></div>
<h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">On the evening of November 25 he was hit by a shot from a</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>falconet<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6f/HalfMoonFalconet.jpg/1024px-HalfMoonFalconet.jpg" /><span style="font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">in a battle near</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Governolo</span><img src="http://www.insolitomincio.it/web/images/stories/3.5_luoghi_rivalta/3.5_luoghi_rivalta01.jpg" height="426" width="640" /><span style="color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">.</span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">According to a contemporary </span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">acco</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">unt</span></span><span style="font-size: 20px;"> </span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">by Luigi Guicciardini, the ball shattered his right leg above the knee</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">and he had to be carried to San Nicolò Po, near</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;">Bagnolo </span></span></span><img src="http://i.ytimg.com/vi/AG2BVhQSQ4A/hqdefault.jpg" height="480" style="color: white; font-size: medium;" width="640" /><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.3;">San </span>Vito<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, where no doctor could be found. He was taken to</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.3;">Aloisio Gonzaga</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">'s palace, marquis of</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.3;">Castel Goffredo</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, in</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.3;">Mantua</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, where the surgeon Abramo,</span></span></span><img src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/proxy/35hJlgsJhiLgXj5hbRZWr61SgWBwo2D5-hTB3KIEAQcUDIwB7t-tI9yzKtiednbRAGqmVGa_Il_a6rNlln-AnTX7EH9cYbNt1EayzQ" /><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> who had cared for him two years earlier, amputated his leg. To perform the operation Abramo asked for 10 men to hold down the stricken</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><i style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: medium; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">condottiero</i><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">.</span></h2>
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<a href="http://www.telesanterno.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/Bagnolo-San-Vito.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><img border="0" src="http://www.telesanterno.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/Bagnolo-San-Vito.jpg" height="538" width="640" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Pietro Aretino, eyewitness to the event, recalled in a letter to Francesco Albizi:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">'<i>Not even twenty' Giovanni said smiling 'could hold me', and he took a candle in his hand, so that he could make light onto himself, I ran away, and shutting my ears I heard only two voices, and then calling, and when I reached him he told me: 'I am healed', and turning all around he greatly rejoiced.</i></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><img src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-m9fKqlsWRn4/UCVsjTzGRpI/AAAAAAAAAtI/rltO5F7zPZo/s1600/Sketch+Bardature+Cavalli+Del+Film+IL+MESTIERE+DELLE+ARMI+Regia+E.+Olmi+Scenografo+L.+Marchione+Concept+Art+-+Visual+Development+.jpg" /></span></blockquote>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Despite the surgery Giovanni de' Medici died five days later, supposedly of septicemia, on 30 November 1526.<img src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-IWtso1ZJtgA/T3Nm0_Qsu9I/AAAAAAAAAKQ/ouUi2T4PccY/s1600/1.jpg" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Giovanni's body was exhumed in 2012 along with that of his wife to preserve the remains, which were damaged in the 1966 flood of the Arno river, and to ascertain the cause of his death.</span><img src="https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/7d/6a/78/7d6a7898514421e0af9130f78a069e79.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> Preliminary investigation revealed that his leg was amputated below the knee. No damage was found to the thigh, where the shot supposedly hit. The tibia and fibula, the bones of the lower leg, were found sawed off from the amputation. There was no damage to the femur.</span><img src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wQsQ2fsxNsU/VO91qSKBvGI/AAAAAAAAA2c/83lSRwO6zuI/s1600/DSC00035.JPG" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> It is now thought that de' Medici may have died of gangrene.<img src="http://s3.stliq.com/c/m/1/17/27739542_film-pi-stasera-lun-genn-2014-sulla-tv-in-chiaro-0.jpg" height="426" width="640" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Giovanni's premature death</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>metaphorically<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">signaled the end of the age of the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><i style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">condottieri</i><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, as their mode of fighting (which emphasized armored knights on horseback) was rendered practically obsolete</span><img src="http://www.claudiocolombo.net/FotoDVD/ilmestieredellearmi2.jpg" height="360" width="640" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> by the introduction of the mobile field</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">cannon</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">. He is therefore known as the last of the great Italian</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><i style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">condottieri</i><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">. His lasting reputation has been kept alive in part thanks to</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Pietro Aretino</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">,</span><img src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT-TWe5eKFbE9NwnuW8GZISTFM1a6ndEc8luwnaWBTXo8lusPwe" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> the Renaissance author, satirist, playwright and "scourge of the princes", who was Giovanni's close friend and accompanied him on some of his exploits.</span><img src="http://www.claudiocolombo.net/FotoDVD/ilmestieredellearmi.jpg" height="360" width="640" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Two films could sum up the american relationship with its society and its relationship with arms.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">One is anti-American, its anti to all the values that we percieve as being "All American" apart from one.<img src="http://i113.photobucket.com/albums/n222/kamuela1_2006/Wild_bunch.jpg" height="640" id="il_fi" style="padding-bottom: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px;" width="456" /></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">This is the relationship with money.The film The Wild Bunch bunch shares the idea that whoever one may be then there is always the possibility of striking it rich but even this is tempered by the fact of honour.<img alt="Wild Bunch group photo" src="http://content6.flixster.com/photo/12/68/98/12689884_gal.jpg" height="600" id="photo12689884" width="600" />The Second film "Winchester 76" is all American.The film is about a rifle and how that rifle is about true <a href="http://www.starpulse.com/Movies/Wild_Bunch,_The/gallery/WILDBUNCHWB01/" itxtharvested="0" itxtnodeid="347"><img .="" alt="Wild-Bunch-movie-02.jpg" border="0" src="http://images.starpulse.com/Photos/Previews/Wild-Bunch-movie-02.jpg" height="629" itxtharvested="0" itxtnodeid="349" title="The Wild Bunch" width="640" /></a></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">american values. Of course in a day and age where we now know that it was the american powers that killed Kennedy and that we may plausibly be aware that maybe the same thing happened in the Twin Towers destruction we can safely assume that these values are a figment of someones distorted imagination,maybe.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Making an assumption always freaks out the dumbos of this world but if we watched what we said because of dummy reaction there would be no progress even though with political <img src="http://i2.listal.com/image/1694016/600full-winchester-'73-screenshot.jpg" /></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Presidential aspirant michelle bachmann is one dummy, it looks like we are taking a walk back into the middle ages.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The Wild Bunch doesn't care about the arms it uses but is solely interested in the fact that they work on the other hand the film Winchester 76 sees the arm as a hallowed religous <img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Winchester73_trailer_Stewart.png/250px-Winchester73_trailer_Stewart.png" height="488" width="640" /></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">artifact.The film Winchester 73 begins with a typical American scene of American values.The best shooter.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Buy a gun in a shop kill all your friends at school then say you saw a film that made you do it, this is an American scenario not an Iranian one.<img src="http://www.frontiersmenhistorian.info/mikeking.jpg" height="640" id="il_fi" style="padding-bottom: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px;" width="615" /></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">In a marksmanship contest, Lin McAdam wins a prized Winchester rifle, which is immediately stolen by the runner-up, D<img alt="" border="0" closure_uid_e7jb6k="4" src="http://i191.photobucket.com/albums/z43/sevenarts/cinema/wildbunch2.jpg" style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" /></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">dutch Henry Brown. This "story of a rifle" then follows McAdams' pursuit, and the rifle as it<img src="http://teegardennash.com/media/*MS/Winchester73.1TN.jpg" height="640" width="510" /> changes hands, until a final showdown and shoot-out on a rocky mountain precipice.<i>check out knights of avalon for the image<img src="http://www.antiquefirearms.com/images/laus/winch76rifle3.jpg" height="480" id="il_fi" style="padding-bottom: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px;" width="640" /></i></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">here. its a great site.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Lin McAdam rides into town on the trail of Dutch Henry Brown, only to find himself in a shooting competition against him. McAdam wins the prize, a one-in-a-thousand Winchester rifle, but Dutch steals it and leaves town. McAdam follows, intent on settling his old quarrel, while the rifle keeps changing hands and touching a number of lives<img src="http://content6.flixster.com/photo/11/12/52/11125220_gal.jpg" height="503" id="il_fi" style="padding-bottom: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px;" width="640" /></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 19px;"> The Winchester is the rifle most highly prized by Americans , it is in their eyes the gun that won the West but did it really. My own idea, and solely from what Ive read is that the gun that changed the way battles were fought was the Colt but who am I to say. Heres some other views.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;">Winchester </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;"> usually means any of the </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;">lever-action</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;"> rifles manufactured by the </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;">Winchester Repeating Arms Company</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;">, though the company has also manufactured many rifles of other action types. Winchester rifles were among the earliest </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;">repeating rifles</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;">; the Winchester repeater is colloquially known as </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;"><b>"The Gun that Won the West"</b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;"> for its predominant role in the hands of Western settlers.</span><img src="http://www.knightsofavalon.com/_borders/scoeboystandingrif.JPG" /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;">i</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;">n 1848 inventor Walter Hunt of New York patented his "Volition Repeating Rifle" incorporating a tubular magazine, which was operated by two levers and complex</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;"> linkages.But what gun won the west?</span><img src="http://www.figuren-modellbau.de/amerikaner/imex-508-master.jpg" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;">The Sharps rifle was popular among big game hunters, the military and target shooters towards the end of the 1800s. It had a reputation for being reliable, simple, powerful, robust and accurate. T</span><img src="http://www.replastic.com/photos/cw7.jpg" height="296" width="640" /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"> There are numerous stories about the accuracy of the Sharps rifle. The best known individual shot is <img src="http://www.legendsofamerica.com/photos-texas/Adobe%20Walls.jpg" height="449" id="il_fi" style="padding-bottom: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px;" width="640" /></span></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">probably Billy Dixon's famous shot pointed against a group of Indians during the battle of Adobe Walls, Texas in 1874. </span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The actual distance between Dixon and the Indian has been debated. The numbers vary from 1538 yards (1406 metres) to 1028 yards (940 metres). The shot was probably fired from a .50 calibre rifle, most likely a .50-90 'Big Fifty'. Dixon later claimed that it was a lucky shot. <img src="http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~nalakota/mbbsjttwbb/ftsmithsketch_tt0933.jpg" height="334" id="il_fi" style="padding-bottom: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px;" width="570" /></span></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;">The Indian was shot from his horse, but wasn't killed. The combined force of Comanche, Kiowa and Cheyenne Indians lifted the siege shortly after and retreated, but whether this was a direct consequence of Dixons shot is not known. However, it is known that the plains Indians had a deep respect for the buffalo hunters and their rifles.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Even though it was a lucky shot, the story about Billy Dixon indicates what a Sharps rifle was capable of in the hands of a skilled marks</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">man.Was a Winchester capable of a shot like that?</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Billy Dixon’s long shot, which ended the battle at adobe wells<b>,</b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> is well documented, widely known and, undoubtedly, happened just as reported.<img alt="" border="0" closure_uid_rhi52w="15" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_cQX-Jql9anY/R5fCZ0SmnWI/AAAAAAAABGo/MBpoiArEy90/s640/021.JPG" height="480" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5158805646965382498" style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" width="640" /></span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Although some may argue the circumstances surrounding Mr. Dixon’s legendary shot, recent separate studies by Mr. Bill Falin and friends Harvey Watt and Paul Armbruster have demonstrated one thing, at least, to their satisfaction: Given calm shooting conditions and knowledge of the range involved, there is no doubt that Billy Dixon <img src="http://www.die-cast-toys.com/plastic-soldiers/bmc-others/jecsanjean/jeccowboys.jpg" height="264" width="640" />could have toppled a mounted rider at 7/8 mile, or beyond. This is especially likely because, as Mr. Dixon explicitly states in his memoirs, he shot at a tightly huddled group of about 15 <span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">mounted horsemen.</span></span></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; line-height: 19px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The <b>Spencer repeating rifle</b> was a manually operated </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">lever-action</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">, </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">repeating rifle</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">fed from a tube </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">magazine</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> with cartridges. It was adopted by the </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Union Army</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">, especially by the </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">cavalry</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">, during the </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">American Civil War</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">, but did not replace the standard issue </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">muzzle-loading</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">rifled muskets</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> in use at the time. The <b>Spencer carbine</b> was a shorter and lighter version.<img src="http://bp1.blogger.com/_0BoO175xieM/SG5e9KxNs_I/AAAAAAAADl8/qzm_OC7la3w/s640/IMG_3459.JPG" height="640" width="542" />gentile</span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; line-height: 19px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The design was completed by </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Christopher Spencer</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> in 1860, and was for a magazine-fed, lever-operated rifle chambered for the </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">56-56 Spencer</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">rimfire</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> cartridge. Unlike later cartridge designations, the first number referred to the diameter of the case at the head, while the second number referred to the diameter at the mouth; the actual bullet diameter was .52 inches. Cartridges were loaded with 45 grains (2.9 g) of </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">black powder</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">.<img src="http://www.american-firearms.com/american-firearms/z-pic/pics-S/Spencer%20Repeating%20Rifle%20Company/sporting-rifle-left.jpg" height="299" id="il_fi" style="padding-bottom: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px;" width="800" /></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; line-height: 19px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">To use the Spencer, a lever had to be worked to extract the used shell and feed a new cartridge from the tube. Like the </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Springfield Model 1873</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> Trapdoor Rifle, the hammer had to be manually cocked in a separate action. The weapon used rimfire cartridges stored in a seven-round tube magazine, enabling the rounds to be fired one after another. When empty, the tube could be rapidly loaded either by dropping in fresh cartridges or from a device called the Blakeslee Cartridge Box, which contained up to thirteen (also six and ten) tubes with seven cartridges each, which could be emptied into the magazine tube in the buttstock.<img src="http://www.9thnycavalry.webeditor.com/images/publication_photos/spencer_article/terrywithspencer.jpg" height="457" id="il_fi" style="padding-bottom: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px;" width="500" /></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 19px;"><span style="font-size: small;">There were also 56–52, 56–50, and even a few 56–46 versions of the cartridge created, which were </span><span style="font-size: small;">necked down</span><span style="font-size: small;"> versions of the original 56–56. Cartridge length was limited by the action size to about 1.75 inches, and the later calibers used a smaller diameter, lighter bullet and larger powder charge to (the crescent pieces here have no relation to the rifles used by the U.S cavalry) increase the power and range over the original 56–56 cartridge, which, while about as powerful as the .58 caliber rifled musket of the time, was underpowered by the standards of other early cartridges such as the </span><span style="font-size: small;">.50–70</span><span style="font-size: small;"> and </span><span style="font-size: small;">.45-70</span>.</span></div>
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<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_Middleburg.png" style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Battle_of_Middleburg.png/220px-Battle_of_Middleburg.png" height="372" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; vertical-align: middle;" width="640" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="History"></span></span> </span></h2>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; line-height: 19px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">At first, conservatism from the </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Department of War</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> delayed its introduction to service. However, Christopher Spencer was eventually able to gain an audience with President </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Abraham Lincoln</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">, who subsequently invited him to a shooting match and demonstration of the weapon. Lincoln was impressed with the weapon, and ordered that it be adopted for production.</span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; line-height: 19px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The Spencer repeating rifle was first adopted by the </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">United States Navy</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">, and subsequently adopted by the </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">United States Army</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> and used during the </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">American Civil War</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> where it was a popular weapon.<img src="http://www.old-picture.com/american-history-1900-1930s/pictures/Wilkes-Booth.jpg" id="il_fi" style="padding-bottom: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px;" /></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> The man who killed Lincoln.</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; line-height: 19px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">South</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> occasionally captured some of these weapons and ammunition, but, as they were unable to <img src="http://cache2.artprintimages.com/p/LRG/27/2700/4NQUD00Z/art-print/william-vandivert-mummy-purported-to-be-john-wilkes-booth-lying-wrapped-in-carpet-in-a-carnival-tent.jpg" height="300" id="il_fi" style="padding-bottom: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px;" width="400" />manufacture the cartridges because of shortages of copper, their ability to take advantage of the weapons was limited.(his Mummy)</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> The Crescent mounties seem to have the winchester here above but thats just a guess</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; line-height: 19px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Notable early instances of use included the Battle of Hoover's Gap (where </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Col.</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> John T. Wilder's "Lightning Brigade" effectively demonstrated the firepower of repeaters), and the Gettysburg Campaign, where two regiments of the Michigan Brigade (under Brig. Gen. George Armstrong Custer) carried them at the Battle of Hanover and at East Cavalry Field.As the war progressed, Spencers were carried by a number of Union cavalry and mounted infantry regiments and provided the Union army </span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">with additional firepower versus theirConfederate counterparts. President Lincoln's assassin, John Wilkes Booth the Southern patriot who killed lincoln was armed with a Spencer carbine at the time he was captured and killed.</span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 19px;"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spencer_Carbine.JPG" style="background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" height="11" style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 19px;">Spencer 1865 Carbine .50 caliber</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 19px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spencer_Carbine.JPG" style="background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Spencer_Carbine.JPG/220px-Spencer_Carbine.JPG" height="104" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; vertical-align: middle;" width="400" /></a></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The Spencer showed itself to be very reliable under combat conditions, with a sustainable rate-of-fire in excess of 20 rounds per minute. Compared to standard muzzle-loaders, with a rate of fire of 2-3 rounds per minute, this represented a significant tactical advantage. However, effective tactics had yet to be developed to take advantage of the higher rate of fire. Similarly, the supply chain was not equipped to carry the extra ammunition. Detractors would also complain that the smoke and haze produced was such that it was hard to see the enemy.<img src="http://www.knightsofavalon.com/_borders/skneecow.JPG" /></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; line-height: 19px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">In the late 1860s, the Spencer company was sold to the Fogerty Rifle Company and ultimately to </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Winchester</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">. With almost 200,000 rifles and carbines made, it marked the first adoption of a removable magazine-fed </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">infantry</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> rifle by any country. Many Spencer carbines were later sold as surplus to </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">France</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> where they were used during the </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Franco-Prussian War</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> in 1870.<img src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_4QlVRfDC7rs/TH9tpOw5NcI/AAAAAAAAF54/amrtHH9gl7Y/s400/FPBM1_400x300.jpg" height="300" id="il_fi" style="padding-bottom: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px;" width="400" /></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;"><span style="font-size: small;">Despite the fact that the Spencer company went out of business in 1869, ammunition was sold in the United States up to about the 1920s. Later, many rifles and carbines were converted to centerfire, which could fire cartridges made from the centerfire .50–70 brass. Production ammunition can still be obtained on the specialty</span> marke<img src="http://lancemannion.typepad.com/.a/6a00d83451be5969e201539176c63e970b-pi" height="431" id="il_fi" style="padding-bottom: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px;" width="644" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;"> The Hunt rifle fired what he called the "Rocket Ball," an early form of caseless ammunition in which the powder charge was contained in the bullet's hollow base. Hunt's design was fragile and unworkable; b</span><img src="http://www.doctormacro.com/Images/Stewart,%20James/Annex/NRFPT/Annex%20-%20Stewart,%20James%20(Winchester%20'73)_NRFPT_01.jpg" /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;">ut in 1849 Lewis Jennings purchased the Hunt patents and developed a functioning, if still complex, version which was produced in small numbers by Robbins & Lawrence of Windsor, Vermont until 1852.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; line-height: normal;"><img src="http://www.knightsofavalon.com/_borders/shindian_rifle.JPG" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">For the Volcanic rifle Smith added a primer charge to Hunt's "Rocket Ball" and thus created one of the first fixed metallic cartridges which incorporated bullet, primer and powder in one self-contained unit. While still with the company Smith went a step further and added a cylindrical copper case to hold the bullet and powder with the primer in the case rim, thus creating one of the most significant inventions in firearms history, the metallic rimfire cartridge.<img src="http://wildwestfair.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/Henry-rifle-website-sign-1024x768.jpg" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">(Smith's cartridge, the .22 Short, would be introduced commercially in 1857 with the landmark Smith & Wesson Model 1 revolver and is still manufactured today.)<img src="http://www.brooklynrail.org/article_image/image/4374/furiesnew-web.jpg" height="635" width="640" />Horace Smith and Daniel Wesson of Norwich, Connecticut acquired the Jennings patent from Robbins & Lawrence, as well as shop foremanBenjamin Tyler Henry. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Smith made several improvements to the Jennings design, and in 1855 Smith and Wesson together with several investors formed a corporation, the Volcanic Repeating Arms Company<img src="http://www.ciakhollywood.com/hp/winchestern73/WINCHESTER_73-13.jpg" />, to manufacture Smith's modification of the Hunt-Jennings, the Volcanic lever-action pistol and rifle. Its largest stockholder was Oliver Winchester.<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; line-height: normal;"><img src="http://www.knightsofavalon.com/_borders/srekacowboyhorse.JPG" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The Volcanic rifle had only limited success, which was in part attributable to the design and<img alt="File:Smith-et-Wesson-Volcanic-1854-1855-cal-31-p1030158.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Smith-et-Wesson-Volcanic-1854-1855-cal-31-p1030158.jpg/800px-Smith-et-Wesson-Volcanic-1854-1855-cal-31-p1030158.jpg" /> poor performance of the Hunt-derived Volcanic cartridge: a hollow conical ball filled with <img alt="File:Jennings and Volcanic rifles.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Jennings_and_Volcanic_rifles.jpg/800px-Jennings_and_Volcanic_rifles.jpg" />black powder and sealed by a cork primer. </span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Although the Volcanic's repeater design far outpaced the rival technology, the unsatisfactory power and reliability of the .25 and .32 caliber "Rocket Balls" were little match for the competitors' larger calibers. Wesson had left Volcanic soon after it was formed and Smith followed eight months later, to create the Smith & Wesson</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Revolver Company.<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; line-height: normal;"><img src="http://www.knightsofavalon.com/_borders/sseindianlying.JPG" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> Volcanic moved to New Haven in 1856, but by the end of that year became insolvent. Oliver Winchester purchased the bankrupt firm's assets from the remaining stockholders, and<img src="http://fnacpantherimage.toutlecine.com/photos/w/i/n/winchester-73-1950-02-g.jpg" /> reorganized it as the New Haven Arms Company in April 18After the war, Oliver Winchester renamed New Haven Arms the Winchester Repeating Arms Company. The comp<img src="http://static.flickr.com/3476/3202507267_15f7159505_z.jpg" />any modified and improved the basic design of the Henry rifle, creating the first Winchester rifle: the Model 1866. It retained the .44 Henry rimfire cartridge, was likewise built on a bronze-alloy frame, and had an improved magazine and a wooden forearm.If we conside <img src="http://www.afi.com/silver/new/nowplaying/2008/v5i3/images/WinchesterSM.jpg" height="512" width="640" />Holden and the Wild Bunch then we'd understand that if these fictional character were real then for sure they wouldnt be attending gun clubs, they are only interested in function whereas the James Stewert character would be a fully paid up member as Winchester is also about the status symbol of a gun. In 1873 Winchester introduced the steel-framed Model 1873 chambering the more potent .44-40 centerfire cartridge. In 1876, in a bid to compete with the powerful single-shot rifles of the time, Winchester brought out the Model 1876 (<i>Centennial Model</i>).Benjamin Henry continued to work with Smith's cartridge concept, and perfected the much larger, more powerful .44 Henry rimfire. Henry also supervised the redesign of the rifle to use the new ammunition, retaining only the general form of the breech mechanism and the tubular magazine. This became the Henry rifle of 1860,<img src="http://www.hackman-adams.com/guns/1860_henry_rifle.jpg" /> which was manufactured by the New Haven Arms Company, and used in considerable numbers by certain Union army units in the American Civil War. Confederates called the Henry "that damned Yankee rifle that they load on Sunday and shoot all week.<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Henry_Rifle_Receiver_open.JPG" /></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"></span>From 1883, John Moses Browning worked in partnership with Winchester, designing a series of rifles and shotguns, most notably the lever-action Winchester Model 1886, Model 1892, Model 1894, and Model 1895 rifles, along with the lever-action Model 1887/1901 shotgun, the pump-action Model 1890 rifle, and the pump-action Model 1893/1897 shotgun.<img src="http://www.die-cast-toys.com/plastic-soldiers/crescent/cowboy-1.jpg" />While it chambered more powerful cartridges than the 1866 and 1873 models, the toggle link action was not strong enough for the popular high-powered rounds used in Sharps or Remington single-shot rifles.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The original Winchester rifle- the Winchester Model 1866- was famous for its rugged construction and lever-action mechanism that allowed the rifleman to fire a number of shots before having to reload: hence the term, "repeating rifle." Nelson King's new improved patent remedied flaws in the Henry rifle by incorporating a loading gate on the side of the frame and integrating a round sealed magazine which was covered by a fore stock. Originally chambered in the rimfire .44 Henry, the Model 1866 was nicknamed the "Yellow Boy" because of its "brass" receiver (actually a bronze alloy called gunmetal).<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; line-height: normal;"></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Winchester_Model_1873"></span>Winchester Model 1876<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"></span></span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">One of the most successful, and certainly one of the most famous Winchester rifles was certainly the Winchester Model 1873. Originally chambered for the .44-40 cartridge, it was later produced in .38-40 and .32-20, all of which were also popular handgun cartridges of the day. Due to feeding problems, the original Model 1873 was never offered in the military standard .45 Colt cartridge, although a number of modern reproductions of the rifle are chambered for the round. The popularity of the Winchester in .44-40 led Colt to manufacture a version of the Single Action Army"Peacemaker" revolver chambered for the same round; Winchester produced three variations of the Model 1873: the rifle, carbine, and musket (although the musket variation accounted for less than 5-10 percent of those produced). </span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">The rifle variation used a 24" barrel while the carbine used a 20" barrel. The carbine was the most popular due to its portability as well as allowing its users to conveniently carry one type of ammunition for both their rifles and pistols. Winchester produced over 720,000 carbines, making them hugely popular and readily available on the frontier. <img src="http://www.nrablog.com/image.axd?picture=2010%2F12%2Fpepperbox.jpg" height="376" id="il_fi" style="padding-bottom: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px;" width="640" /></span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">The pistol is the Sharps & Hankins breechloading pepperbox. Not really a revolver; its category is a little harder to define, but it was fired by a revolving striker. According to the information compiled by the National Firearms Museum, Sharps began producing these pepperboxes just as the Civil War began, and over a ten-year span produced 85,000 of them. He would go on to become much better known for the Sharps rifles heavily featured in the American West of the late 1800s.This popularity has led the Model 1873 to be credited as "The Gun that Won the West", although there are some that claim the Springfield Model 1873 deserves the title due to both the U.S. Army's and civilians' heavy usage of Springfields. Regardless, the legend inspired the 1950 Western film <i>Winchester '73</i> starring Jimmy Stewart and directed by Anthony Mann.<img src="http://www.cottoneauctions.com/oldsite/old/images/CivilWarEra/springfield1873-2.jpg" height="252" id="il_fi" style="padding-bottom: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px;" width="800" /></span></h3>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The 1876 was introduced to celebrate the American Centennial, and earned a reputation as a durable and powerful hunting rifle. Originally chambered for the new .45-75 WCF cartridge (designed to replicate </span></span></span></h3>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">the .45-70 Gov't ballistics in a shorter case), versions in .40-60, .45-60 and .50-95 Express followed; the '76 in the latter chambering is the only repeater known to have been used in any numbers by the professional buffalo hunters.<img src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_qjUdpuV_KOQ/Shp4LrfJOLI/AAAAAAAAA38/MJhhWHQZCxs/s640/buffalo-hunters.jpg" height="424" id="il_fi" style="padding-bottom: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px;" width="640" /></span></span></span></h3>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;">The Canadian North-West Mounted Police used the '76 in .45-75 as a standard long arm for many years with 750 rifles purchased for the force in 1883;</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 13px;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;">the Mountie-model '76 carbine was also issued to theTexas Rangers.</span></span></span></h3>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;">THE BIG HORN DEBACLE </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 23px;">During the battle, the 7th Cavalry troopers were armed with the Springfield carbine Model 1873 and the Colt Single Action Army revolver Model 1873. Selection of the weapons was the result of much trial and error, plus official testing during 187173. The Ordnance Department staged field trials of 89 rifles and carbines, which included entries from Peabody, Spencer, Freeman, Elliot and Mauser. There were four primary contenders: the Ward-Burton bolt-action rifle; the Remington rolling-block; the 'trapdoor' Springfield; and the Sharps, with its vertically sliding breechblock.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 23px;">Although repeating rifles such as the Spencer, Winchester and Henry had been available, particularly in the post-Civil War years, the Ordnance Department decided to use a single-shot system. It was selected instead of a repeating system because of manufacturing economy, ruggedness, reliability, efficient use of ammunition and similarity to European weapons systems. Ironically, the board of officers involved in the final selection included Major Marcus A. Reno, who would survive the 7th Cavalry's 1876 debacle on the Little Bighorn.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><img src="http://img.over-blog.com/288x194/1/05/56/23/SOTMSCharge.jpg" height="431" width="640" /></span></span></h3>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 23px;">The guns were all tested for defective cartridges, endurance, accuracy, rapidity of fire, firing with excessive charges, and effects of dust and rust. The Springfield was the winner. The Model 1873 carried by the 7th Cavalry was a carbine that weighed 7 pounds and had an overall length of 41 inches. It used a .45-caliber copper-cased cartridge, a 405-grain bullet and a charge of 55 grains of black powder. The best effective range for this carbine was under 300 yards, but significant hits still could be scored out to 600 yards. A bullet was driven out of the muzzle at a velocity of about 1,200 feet per second, with 1,650 foot-pounds of energy. The trapdoor Springfield could hurl a slug more than 1,000 yards and, with proper training, could be fired with accuracy 12 to 15 times per minute.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 23px;">The Colt Single Action Army revolver was chosen over other Colts, Remingtons and Starrs. By 1871, the percussion cap models were being converted for use with metallic cartridges. Ordnance testing in 1874 narrowed the field to two final contenders: the Colt Single Action Army and the Smith & Wesson Schofield. </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 23px;">The Schofield won only in speed of ejecting empty cartridges. The Colt won in firing, sanding and rust trials and had fewer, simpler and stronger parts. The Model 'P' had a barrel of 7.5 inches and fired six .45-caliber metallic cartridges with 28 grains of black powder. It had a muzzle velocity of 810 feet per second, with 400 foot-pounds of energy. Its effective range dropped off rapidly over 60 yards, however. The standard U.S. issue of the period had a blue finish, case-hardened hammer and frame, and walnut grips. The Colt became ubiquitous on the frontier. To the soldier it was a 'thumb-buster,' to the lawman a 'peacemaker' or 'equalizer,' and to the civilian a 'hog leg' or 'plow-handle.' The revolver was so strong and dependable that, with minor modifications, it was still being produced by the Colt Company into the 1980s.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><img src="http://cache2.allpostersimages.com/p/LRG/15/1502/QIDBD00Z/posters/amos-bad-heart-buffalo-retreat-of-major-marcus-reno-s-command.jpg" height="480" width="640" /></span></span></h3>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 23px;">SO WHY DID THE 7TH LOSE THE BATTLE, THEY HAD ENOUGH FIREPOWER TO WIN IT. THE ANSWER LIES MAYBE IN THE FACT THAT THERE WAS NO FINAL STAND AND THE RAW RECRUITS OF THE SEVENTH WHO WERE MALNOURISHED RUN.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><img src="http://www.myartprints.com/kunst/amos_bad_heart_buffalo/major_marcus_renos_retreat_in_hi.jpg" height="388" width="640" /></span></span></h3>
<h3 style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: none; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 23px;">SOME HISTORIANS SAY MOST WERE SHOT IN THE BACK OTHERS SAY THEY SIMPLY FAILED TO HOLD THE LINE.What was the truth? At the battle of Ishanwanda they say there was a total eclipse and the Zulu was able to make it into the British lines, others say that single shot rifles were no good. The fact might be that the single shot at long range in the hands of pros was well worth any savage onslaught but in the hands of raw recruits it was no good.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><img src="http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRBon_JBzDshp-fnHksqZFMZ3-jHqjX2W6dL4WpacX_DR67M07eTiRP4Jh-" height="374" width="640" /></span></span></h3>
<h3 style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: none; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 23px;">.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 23px;">The original Springfield Rifle adopted by the army was not .45 caliber. It was a .50. Also the ammunition issued for the .45 jammed notoriously and was a factor in the battle, </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 23px;"> the 1985-85 archaeolgical report at Little Bighorn suggests this. The Jamming of weapons was more prevalent among the Sioux and Cheyenne weapons than it was for U.S. Army Springfields.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><img src="http://custerlives.com/custervac/rh67.JPG" height="479" width="640" /></span></span></h3>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 23px;"></span><img alt="Britains Super Deetail Plastic Little Big Horn 7th Cavalry with General Custer" src="http://www.prestoimages.com/store30/rd392/392_pd8616_1.jpg" /></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 23px;">But Crook's 15 cavalry companies expended approximately 80,000 rounds of .45/55 ammunition at the Rosetta on 17 June 1876 but experienced little to no documented jamming.monroe below</span></div>
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><img alt="Monroe, Michigan" src="http://www.infomi.com/city/monroe/autumn3.jpg" height="426" width="640" /></span><br />
<h3 style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: none; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 23px;">Custer was beat in a straight-up engagement. Bested by warriors who fought better than his immediate command. No excuses for his defeat are needed. He lost because the Sioux/Cheyenne won.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><img src="http://www.infomi.com/city/monroe/autumn1.jpg" height="640" width="480" /></span></span></h3>
<h3 style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: none; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 23px;">But it seems that Jammed springfiields were prevalent at the Battle of the Little Big Horn. Numerous busted pocket knives found of troopers trying to clear jams. Numerous indian's reported trooper fighting with jammed trapdoors. They also reported throwing many jammed rifles into the river as they were useless.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><img src="http://custerlives.com/custervac/rh69.JPG" height="479" width="640" /></span></span></h3>
<h3 style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: none; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 23px;"> Perhaps 6 or 7 cases with blown heads. Only a small portion of what had occurred. Right after the battle Army Ordinance changed the ammunition and covered up the incident much like they did with the M16 in Vietnam!</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"></span></span></h3>
<h3 style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: none; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 23px;">We might say that the LBH was not a stand up fight, and the indian's did not fight better than the soldiers but Custer broke his command into three sections, did not wait for the second half of his detachment, and went glory hunting on his own. Three small units, jamming carbines, hordes of indian's. The results were predictable. This hardly makes great stand-up fighters of the indian's.<img src="http://custerlives.com/custervac/rh65.JPG" height="479" width="640" /></span></span></h3>
<h3 style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: none; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 23px;">There is considerable evidence to suggest the indians lost a far greater number than is accepted by dogma. In fact they may have actually lost thousands. Like always however there has been a cover up at grass roots level by the Michelle Bachmann type mentality.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><img src="http://www.themonrovian.com/Small%20Town%202.jpg" /></span></span></h3>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 23px;">The explanation for the flow of the battle and command suddenly going from offense to defense after the MTC crossing is that Custer was mortally shot at that point, rather then sitting uphill and watching Yates charge the village (which totally contradicts Custer's charatcter and command expectations of the time of having the Genreal at the head of the command) or sending Yates to reconnoiter the village, which was lightly defended but yet not attacked. My only puzzle with this theory is was Surgeon Lord's body was not found by last stand hill but rather with E/F further down towards the River.(Monroe Above)</span></h3>
<h3 style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: none; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 23px;"> It would make sense that he would have stayed close to wounded Custer unless of course Custer was dead and nothing could be done for him. Weapon jamming could explain the sudden onset of despair evident by the seeming widespread evidence of suicide pacts (frequent occurance of two paired </span></span></h3>
<h3 style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: none; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 23px;">markers) . But .</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 23px;">At the Battle of the Rosebud Gen. Crooks account never mentions any jamming of the Springfield's during extensive ammunition expenditure that I can remember. Your own conclusions can be drawn from this. Crook was primarily saved by his own indian allies.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"></span></span></h3>
<h3 style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: none; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 23px;">Custer's immediate command of 210 men was wiped out and more than 250 troopers and scouts were killed in the fighting on June 25-26,it seems that not thousands of indians were killed, the Indians lost </span></span></h3>
<h3 style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: none; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 23px;">only about 40 or 50 men according to reliable sources. The explanation appears to lie in the fact that weapons are no better than the men who use them.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><img src="http://www.die-cast-toys.com/plastic-soldiers/bmc-others/una/una-indians.jpg" /></span></span></h3>
<h3 style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: none; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 23px;"> Marksmanship training in the frontier Army prior to the 1880s was almost nil. An Army officer recalled the 1870s with nostalgia. 'Those were the good old days,' he said. 'Target practice was practically unknown.' A penurious government allowed only about 20 rounds per year for training–a situation </span></span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 23px;"></span> </span></h3>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 23px;">altered only because of the Custer disaster. If we are to know </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 23px;"> the part the Springfield played in the defeat of Custer first we should research the M-16 in Vietnam and how many soldiers got killed with the improper ammunition issued, then they would have some background to understand the part the rifles Custer was armed with in his defeat,.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 23px;">a weapon is more likely to cease on continual, sustained fire, in the last moments of the battle.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"></span></span></h3>
<h3 style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: none; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 23px;"> The troopers would have had no time to clear blockages and the guns became clubs, perhaps where the talk of troopers holding up their guns has been mentioned, was a misinterpretation of this?</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 23px;">The facts are the Springfield jammed after a few shots and was often unusable. The reason for this was the new 45-70 used a soft copper case like the lower pressure, reliable 50-70. After some minimal fouling the case tended to stick in the chamber and the extractor cut through the rim leaving the fouled case in the chamber. This is not opinion! It is substantiated by the Frankfort Arsenal </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 23px;">reports of the time.Sometimes the trooper could dig the case out with a pocket knife, sometimes and eventually he could not. He had no saber to fight with. So the 1873 Colt issued with 25 cartridges </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><img src="http://m2.paperblog.com/i/18/183238/foto-del-giorno-11-dicembre-2010-la-bandiera--L-sbXZZO.jpeg" /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 23px;">became highly significant. Smart troopers carried more cartridges and another revolver as well. Custer is quoted in the recent movie Son of the Morning Star, "The Springfield jams after a few shots and that's why the officers </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><img src="http://www.prestoimages.com/store30/rd392/392_pd8616_th1.jpg" height="478" width="640" /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 23px;">buy their own guns and ammunition." Numerous different revolvers and ammunition have been found at the battle site.Most of this firing was done at close range. The troopers theoretically could have fired </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><img src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3129/3841255120_9740aa810c.jpg" height="640" width="453" /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 23px;">23,000 45-70 rounds at close charging indians, they also could have fired around 6000 revolver 45 Colt cartridges at a close range enemy. Probably much higher for the revolver cartridges and considerably lower for the rifle, more </span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><img src="http://www.kitshow.net/images/Franco_Corti/FC_Custer_1.jpg" /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 23px;">revolvers and ammunition than recorded which may even out. Nearly 30,000 possible rounds fired in this engagement. If 25% solid hits were, that would equal 7500 probable kills or serious wounds.</span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 23px;"> Could any serious student of linear logic and serious researcher of history believe a fallacious number like only 33 indians were killed in this engagement I leave it to your good logic but it may have happened if Custer was dead and his men running and I read that most of these men had difficulty with English as many were just off immigrant boats.. It is an </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><img src="http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSNYspxQC9XPv1QVi9IFzh0HDJndivIxetP5Zg_FH0Tjs2GuB7GDqe-ZbWS2g" height="384" width="640" /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 23px;">impossibility to think that they ran but maybe its true..</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><img src="http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSz9OW0hE_nt3ONKjPLDM3-q8FNHezforlHPOh3fZYwF_M01-z3k884MbDc" height="352" width="640" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></h3>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 23px;">The army lied about the battle because of Custer's incompetent leadership leading his underarmed and split up command to annihilation and the bad ammunition for the rifles. the indians lied because they did not want to admit the horrific losses, and history endorsed it for the clueless! Much of history is bullshit , just look at Gheddafi's defeat in Libya put down to a revolution when evreryone knows it was SAS and Foreign Legion spearheading attacks for the rebels.<img src="http://www.die-cast-toys.com/plastic-soldiers/bmc-others/atlantic/armycamp.jpg" /></span></h3>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 23px;">So The jamming of the new (check out plastic toy soldiers website some great buys)</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><img src="http://s0.wdstatic.com/images/it/ll/6/64/Non_toccare_la_donna_bianca.JPG" height="389" width="640" /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 23px;">Springfield .45-70 copper cased cartridges is a matter of historical accuracy.It is a known technological fact despite the army attempting a cover up and changing to the harder brass case immediately after the battle.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 23px;">Custer's men were fighting with single-shot carbines. I don't think there's any doubt from the </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><img src="http://pad.mymovies.it/cinemanews/2009/25677/custer_imm.jpg" height="640" width="384" /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 23px;">archeological evidence that the 7th Cavalry were outgunned at Little Bighorn. I wouldn't be surprised by a bad ammo problem in light of Ordinance's record.But why were they outgunned, because they were skedadling?</span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"></span></span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 23px;">When the Indians came boiling out to fight, Custer's command began to disintegrate and didn't </span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><img src="http://pad.mymovies.it/cinemanews/2009/8438/museum2_05.jpg" height="640" width="448" /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 23px;">regroup effectively.This </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 23px;">suggested from the uneven evidence of heavy defensive fire (including revolvers) that a </span></span></span></span></h3>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 23px;">good number of the cavalrymen succumbed to panic.But one thing is sure, something happened that someone knows but doesnt want to put forward as a plan. My thinking is this, Malnourished, raw, and not willing to fight to the last. I make this idea purely as a possibility but I think its a strong one but nevertheless God rest the souls of those killed at the Big Horn.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px;"><img src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Hf_XnlNuFuc/TaHvrvmRtaI/AAAAAAAACBQ/LcIPNMwOPrM/s640/%2524%2528KGrHqJ%252C%2521m%2521E2D8ki1Y5BNlgofWUbQ%257E%257E_12.jpg" height="480" id="il_fi" style="padding-bottom: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px;" width="640" /></span></span></span></h3>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;"></span><span style="line-height: 19px;">Theodore Roosevelt</span><span style="line-height: 19px;"> used an engraved, pistol-gripped half-magazine '76 during his early hunting expeditions in the West and praised it. A '76 was also found in the possession of </span>Apache<span style="line-height: 19px;"> warrior Geronimo after his surrender in 1886.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"></span></span></h3>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Famous_Firearms_of_the_Old_West_5-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester_rifle#cite_note-Famous_Firearms_of_the_Old_West-5" style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="background-image: none; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></a></sup></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">The Winchester Model 1876 or Centennial Model was a heavier-framed rifle than the Model 1866 or Model 1873, and was the first to be chambered for full-powered centerfire rifle cartridges, as opposed to rimfire cartridges or handgun-sized centerfire rounds. And while similar in design to the 1873, the 1876 was actually based on the prototype 1868 lever-action rifle that was never commercially produced by Winchester</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><img src="http://www.die-cast-toys.com/plastic-soldiers/swoppets/cowboyraft.jpg" height="542" width="640" /></span></span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The Model 1886 continued the trend towards chambering heavier rounds, and had an all-new and considerably stronger locking-block action than the toggle-link Model 1876. It was designed by John Moses Browning, who had a long and profitable relationship with Winchester from the 1880s to the early 1900s. In many respects the Model 1886 was a true American express rifle, as it could be chambered in the more powerful black powder cartridges of the day, such as the .45-70 Government (chambering a rifle for the popular .45-70 had been a goal of Winchester for some time). The 1886 proved capable of handling not merely the .45 Gov't but also the huge .45-90 and .50-110 Express "buffalo" cartridges,and in 1903 was chambered for the smokeless high-velocity .33 WCF. In 1935 Winchester introduced a slightly modified M1886 as the Model 71, chambered for the very powerful .348 Winchester cartridge.<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal;"></span></span></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Winchester_Model_1892" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">Winchester Model 1892</span></h3>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">It returned to its roots with the Model 1892, which, like the first lever-action guns, was primarily chambered for shorter, lower-pressure handgun rounds. The Model 1892, however, incorporates a much stronger Browning action (based on the larger M1886) than the earlier Henry-derived arms of the 1860s and 1870s. 1,004,675 Model 1892</span> rifles were made by Winchester, and although the company phased them out in the 1930s, they are still being made under the Puma label by the Brazilian arms maker, Rossi, and by Chiappa Firearms, an Italian factory.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> In its modern form, using updated materials and production techniques, the Model 1892's action is strong enough to chamber high pressure handgun rounds, such as .357 Magnum, .44 Magnum, and the high-powered .454 Casull round.</span></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Winchester_Model_1894" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">Winchester Model 1894</span></h3>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Main article: Winchester Model 1894</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;"><br /></span>The John Browning designed Winchester Model 1894 is perhaps the best known of the Winchester repeating rifles. The Model 94 was chambered for the newly introduced smokeless .30-30 Winchester cartridge, and later, a variety of calibers such as .25-35 WCF, .32-40 WCF, .32 Winchester Special, and the .38-55. Winchester was the first company to manufacture a civilian rifle chambered for the new smokeless propellants, and although delays prevented the .30-30 cartridge from appearing on the shelves until 1895, it remained the first commercially available smokeless powder round for the North American consumer market.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> Though initially it was too expensive for most shooters, the Model 1894 went on to become one of the best-selling hunting rifles of all time—it has the distinction of being the first sporting/hunting rifle to sell over one million units, ultimately selling over <i>seven</i> million until US production was discontinued in 2006. A 2010 commemorative rifle has been produced to celebrate 200 years since Oliver F. Winchester's birth. The Winchester 94/.30-30 combination is practically synonymous with "deer rifle."</span><img src="http://www.imfdb.org/w/images/thumb/8/8c/Wildb-b17e.jpg/600px-Wildb-b17e.jpg" style="line-height: 1.5em;" /></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The Winchester Model 1895 has the distinction of being the first Winchester lever-action rifle to load from a box magazine instead of a tube under the barrel. This allowed the Model 1895 to be chambered for military cartridges with spitzer (pointed) projectiles, and the rifle was used by the armed forces of a number of nations including the United States, Great Britain, andImperial Russia. </span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The Russian production models could also be loaded using charger clips, a feature not found on any other lever-action rifle. Calibers included .30-40 Krag (.30 US or .30 Army), .303 British, .30-03 Springfield, .30-06 Springfield, 7.62mm Russian, and the mighty .405 Winchester. Teddy Roosevelt used a Model 1895 in .405 on African safari, and called it his "Big Medicine" for lions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester_rifle#cite_note-8" style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a></sup> In 1908 the 1895 Winchester became the first commercially produced sporting rifle chambered in .30-06 (then called ".30 Gov't 06").</span></div>
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<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Winchester_Model_88" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">Winchester Model 88</span></h3>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Introduced in 1955, sixty years after Winchester's last all-new lever-action design, the Model 88 was unlike any previous lever action; it was really a lever-bolt hybrid. A short-throw underlever operated a three-lug rotating bolt, and rounds were fed vertically from a detachable box magazine. These bolt-action features in a "lever-action" permitted the use of high-powered modern short-case cartridges with spitzer bullets: .243, .284, .308 (7.62mm NATO) and .358 Winchester. The 88 did not prove to be especially popular, although it has its share of devoted enthusiasts, and was discontinued in 1973. It is, however the third biggest selling lever action rifle in Winchester's storied history, following only the M1894 (1st) and M1892 (2nd). The later Sako Finnwolf and Browning BLR have similar actions. A Winchester Model 88 in .308 Caliber was used to harvest the current World's Record Typical Whitetail Deer.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Winchester's Model 9422 was introduced in 1972 and was rapidly recognized for high quality. It was designed to capture the image of the traditional lever-actions with exposed hammer, straight grip, tube magazine and barrel bands. Unlike older Winchester lever actions it came grooved for scope mounting. It was offered in .22 Long Rifle and .22 WRM, and was priced at the high-quality end of the .22 sporting rifle market.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The 9422 action design was original and extremely reliable. The feed system handled the cartridge from the magazine to the breech face by its rim, and the slide cammed the rear of the breechblock up into the locking recess. A concealed polymer buffer above the breech gave a firm-feeling lockup and a very positive unlocking motion.</span><img src="http://www.imfdb.org/w/images/thumb/a/a1/Wildb-b17h.jpg/600px-Wildb-b17h.jpg" style="line-height: 1.5em;" /></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The 9422 had worldwide appeal to customers raised on 'westerns' and to those looking for a fun and historic way to introduce their children to shooting. Over the course of production a higher finished model called the 9422 XTR, a .17 rimfire model, and several commemorative models were offered. Production ended in 2005.</span></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Winchester_Model_1885_Single_Shot_Rifle" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;"><br />Winchester Model 1885 Single Shot Rifle</span></h2>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Main article: Winchester Model 1885 Single Shot Rifle</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">In 1885 Winchester entered the single-shot market with the Model 1885 rifle, which John Browning had designed in 1878 (the beginning of the fruitful 20-year Winchester-Browning collaboration). The Winchester Single Shot, known to most shooters as either the "Low-wall" or "High-wall" depending on model, but officially marketed by Winchester as the Single Shot Rifle, was produced to satisfy the demands of the growing sport of "Match Shooting", excelling at it, with Major Ned H. Roberts (inventor of the .257 Roberts cartridge) describing the Model 1885 Single Shot as <i>"...the most reliable, strongest, and altogether best single shot rifle ever produced."</i> Winchester produced nearly 140,000 Single Shot rifles from 1885 to 1920, and it was found that the falling-block Model 1885 had been built with one of the <i>strongest actions</i> known at that time. Winchester also produced a large number of Single Shots in .22 Short for the US Army as a marksmanship training rifle, the "Winder musket."</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Winchester lever action rifles remained the most popular in the US through WWI and the interwar period. However, advances in the development of bolt action rifles made them increasingly preferred over lever actions. </span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">These new rifles, such as the Mauser Gewehr 98 and M1903 Springfield, could chamber pointed "<i>Spitzer</i>" bullets, which lever action rifles withtube magazines could not (a pointed bullet can accidentally fire the round in front of it in a tube magazine). Bolt actions as developed by Mauser and other military manufacturers had front locking lugs which stabilized the cartridge head very well, and allowed for unprecedented accuracy. Bolt actions were simpler and cheaper to manufacture than high-power leverguns like Winchester's 1886 and 1895 models.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Above Belgian Spencer</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span id="item_details_info_description" itemprop="description"><span class="contentblock" id="ctl00_cphBody_cbItemDescription" style="background-color: black; color: white;">The Spencer Repeating rifles and carbines were popular with French and belgian Troops , during 1870-71 Franco-Prussian War many were used. When Spencer stopped making firearms in 1868 and these repeaters were a combination of left over stock and U.S. government surplus that was purchased at auction. Shipping records show that thousands of Spencer firearms and millions of rounds of ammunition were shipped to Europe.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span itemprop="description"><span class="contentblock">The Spencer was so popular that the private manufacturer Falisse & Trappman of Liege, Belgium manufactured copies in 1873. The company produced less than 1,000 carbines in 1873 and very few a known to have made it back to the U.S. It is unknown whether the carbines were produced for military use or private sales. This is one such Belgium made copy and features a fixed front and folding ladder rear sights, saddle ring and bar on the left side of the stock wrist and is mounted with a smooth forearm secured by a single barrel band and straight grip stock with a sling swivel. The left rear side of the barrel is marked with Liege proof and the left side of the receiver is marked with a "crown/circled A" proofmark, the saddle ring bar plate with a "crown/circled "B" and the right side of the stock with a "crown/circled "I". The top of the receiver is marked "UNION ARMORIERE BELGE / LIEGE". The left side of the upper and lower breech block are correctly marked with the matching serial number, (receivers on these Belgium copies were not numbered). The right side of the stock is stamped with the makers double circle mark "FALISSE & TRAPPMAN / LIEGE" and "1873" in the center. The forearm directly ahead of the receiver is stamped "121" and the barrel band is marked "2272".<br />BBL: 20 inch round Stock: walnut<br />Gauge: 50<br />Finish: blue<br />Grips:<br />Serial Number: 2272<br /><img src="http://www.chuckhawks.com/win70super.jpg" height="120" id="il_fi" style="padding-bottom: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px;" width="600" /></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">In response to the increasing competition from these bolt-action rifles, Winchester introduced the Winchester Model 54 in 1925. This was not Winchester's first bolt rifle (that distinction belonged to the Winchester-Hotchkiss rifle of 1878), but it was by far their most successful. It was based on the Mauser Gewehr 98 design, but with modifications and popular North American chamberings such as .30-06 which made it more appealing to American hunters than were the European imports or sporterised military rifles. The famed Model 70 was developed from the Model 54, which it replaced in 1936. The Model 70, often dubbed the "rifleman's rifle,"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester_rifle#cite_note-11" style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[12]</a></sup> was produced continuously at New Haven (except during WWII) until 2006, and production has resumed at FN Herstal's plant in Columbia, South Carolina.</span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">From 1900 Winchester manufactured cheap single shot .22 bolt action rifles, including the models 1900, 1902, 1904 and 99. On the other hand, in 1920 Winchester introduced the high-quality Model 52 .22 bolt action target rifle, which from its inception and for years thereafter was America's reference standard smallbore match rifle. A very desirable sporter model of this action was also made from 1934-</span></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Winchester_Models_1903_and_63" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">Winchester Models 1903 and 63</span></h3>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The Winchester Model 1903 was the first commercially available self-loading .22 rimfire caliber in the US. Designed by T.C. Johnson, the Model 1903 was chambered for the unique .22 Winchester Automatic cartridge. In 1919, the Model 1903 moniker was shortened to Model 03, and following a partial redesign in the 1930s, was renamed the Model 63. The Model 63, introduced in 1933, was chambered for the popular and widely available .22 Long Rifle cartridge. It was initially made with a 20" barrel, then with a 23" barrel from 1936 until the end of production in 1958. About 175,000 Model 63 rifles were manufactured, with the last 10,000 having grooved receiver tops for scope mounting. Both the 1903/03 and the 63 have tubular magazines in the butt stock of the rifle and are loaded through a slot in the right side of the butt stock.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The early center fire Winchester self-loading series of rifles began with the Model 1905, chambered for the .32SL and .35SL cartridges. Following a demand for a higher-powered self-loading rifle, the Models 1907 and 1910 were introduced along with their respective cartridges, the .351SL and .401SL.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The Winchester Model 1887 was the first successful repeating shotgun design, developed by John Browning and produced by Winchester from 1887-1920. Browning felt that a pump-action would be much more appropriate for a repeating shotgun, but as Winchester was primarily a lever-action firearms company they felt that their new shotgun must also be a lever-action for reasons of brand recognition. The M1887 was chambered for 12ga black powder shotshells, and after the switch to smokeless powder at the end of the 19th Century, the M1901 was introduced, being chambered for 10ga smokeless shells. Although a technically sound gun design, the market for lever-action shotguns waned considerably after the introduction of the Winchester 1897 and other contemporary pump-action shotguns; modern reproductions of the gun have been manufactured by Norinco in China, ADI Ltd. in Australia and Chiappa Firearms in Italy.</span><img src="http://www.imfdb.org/w/images/thumb/6/6b/Wildb-b17g.jpg/600px-Wildb-b17g.jpg" style="line-height: 1.5em;" /></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Another Browning design, the Winchester Model 1893 (and later Model 1897) was one of the first successful pump-action shotgun designs, being introduced in 1893 and remaining in production until the mid 1950s. Unusual for a repeating shotgun, the Model 1897 could be taken apart for easier carriage/storage, and was available in a variety of barrel lengths from 20in to 36in. During World War I it was issued as a trench gun, with short barrel, heat shield and M1917 bayonet.</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 19px;">]</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; line-height: normal;"><img src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_UChp-rrzik8/TAx3wgmMfpI/AAAAAAAAAEM/RRDbDv337cM/s640/wildbunch.jpg" height="426" width="640" /></span></span></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Winchester_Model_1911" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">Winchester Model 1911<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Winchester_1911.jpg"><img alt="Winchester 1911.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Winchester_1911.jpg/300px-Winchester_1911.jpg" height="118" width="640" /></a></span></h3>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Ma<img src="http://www.imfdb.org/w/images/thumb/d/d6/Wildb-starb2.jpg/600px-Wildb-starb2.jpg" /></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Winchester's long association with John Browning came to an end acrimoniously when the company refused to accept Browning's terms for the right to manufacture his revolutionary 1898 design for a self-loading shotgun; the landmark Browning Auto-5 was produced instead by Fabrique Nationale in Europe and later by Remington Arms in the US. However, Browning's semi-automatic patents had been so tightly drafted by Winchester's own lawyers that it took years for T. C. Johnson to develop a self-loading shotgun which didn't infringe them; this was the Model 1911 SL. The 1911 unfortunately was a flawed and potentially dangerous design, and was not a commercial success; it was dropped in 1925.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Winchester_Model_1912"><br />Winchester Model 1912</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><img src="http://www.outdoorlife.com/files/imagecache/photo-single-upscale/photo/7/The_Wild_Bunch.jpg" /></span></span></h3>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Designed by T.C. Johnson as a hammerless modification of the Model 1897, the Model 1912 (later re dubbed the Model 12) was one of the most successful pump shotguns ever made, <img src="http://www.imfdb.org/w/images/thumb/3/30/Wildb-starb7.jpg/600px-Wildb-starb7.jpg" />with nearly 2 million produced before its cancellation in 1963. Like the Model 1897 it came in take-down form, and likewise was issued in trench gun and combat versions during both World Wars, Korea and Vietnam.<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; line-height: normal;"><img src="http://www.imfdb.org/w/images/thumb/e/e4/StarPistolB.jpg/350px-StarPistolB.jpg" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; line-height: normal;"><img src="http://www.imfdb.org/w/images/thumb/f/fc/COLTM1911_1913.jpg/350px-COLTM1911_1913.jpg" /></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The members of the "Wild Bunch", most notably Pike Bishop, Dutch Engstrom, Lyle Gorch, and Angel, use Colt M1911 pistols. As with many other films made during this time, 9 mm Star Model B pistols were used instead as they were more reliable with blanks.<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 15px;">After shooting Gen. Mapache, Pike spins around with his M1911 and Winchester '97 in hand.</span> The German government official with Gen. Mapache notes that the "Wild Bunch" are carrying them, noting to tell them that they cannot be acquired <i>legally</i>by private citizens. In the film, you can see that they use both M1911's and Star Model B's as well, the pictures from the film below you can tell the difference from a M1911A1 to Star model b, just by looking at the diameter of barrel and size.<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; line-height: normal;"><img src="http://www.olive-drab.com/images/firearms_shotgun_m97_marine_ww2_375.jpg" height="640" width="407" /></span> The Model 12 was popular with the military, law enforcement, hunters, and sporting clay competitors, the latter regarding it as having superior balance and "point" among pump-actions.<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; line-height: normal;"></span><img src="http://www.imfdb.org/w/images/thumb/f/ff/Wildb-starb3.jpg/600px-Wildb-starb3.jpg" /></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 15px;"><br />A Mexican soldier holds his own New Service and Dutch's SAA after Angel shoots his ex-fiancee Teresa.</span><img src="http://www.imfdb.org/w/images/thumb/c/c0/Wildb-win12b.jpg/600px-Wildb-win12b.jpg" /></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><img src="http://www.imfdb.org/w/images/thumb/5/52/Wildb-saa2cns4.jpg/600px-Wildb-saa2cns4.jpg" height="259" id="il_fi" style="padding-bottom: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px;" width="600" /></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Winchester used to advertise that the Model 1873 levergun won the West, which actually didn't see wide distribution until a couple of years later. Disputing the claim, Sharps shooters long ago coined the comeback, "Sharps made the West safe for Winchesters."<img src="http://www.imfdb.org/w/images/thumb/a/aa/Wildb-spring03a.jpg/600px-Wildb-spring03a.jpg" height="260" id="il_fi" style="padding-bottom: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px;" width="600" /></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> The invention of the Colt seems to have been the turning point of making the west safe from real Americans.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Revolvers and handguns in general aren't used to conquer territory, they are last-ditch personal defense weapons but the Texas rangers used them as assualt arms. .</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Once, someplace I can't remember, someone wrote the double barreled shotgun won the West.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> With it, settlers foraged for food, rabbits, birds and whatnot, to feed their families while they tilled the soil.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">That sounds good, too, sort of a little house on the prairie kind of thing. It just doesn't wash. If the Cheyenne, Kiowa, Comanche or others were active, Mr. Tiller-of-the-fields wouldn't have made it far from the cabin with his old double barrel. And if the buffalo herds had been intact, his fields would have been pounded to dust by their passing.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">So which guns did win the West? flintlock muzzleloading military rifles on their long, long trip all the way to the West coast and back didn't win anything, too slow for Indians and not even as fast as the arrow.This idea brings into consideration of why the Elizabethans gave up the bow for very slow loading muskets.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">It's my considered opinion the "guns that won the West" were two basic types--Military rifles and carbines, as well as hunting rifles. This was most especially true after such rifles and carbines became chambered for metallic cartridges, there's an 800-page book titled Texas Indian Fighters by A.J. Sowell. It was written about 1890 and consists of interviews done with elderly Texans concerning their adventures in taming Texas.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> Some of it went all the way back to the Alamo fracas of 1836. In very many of the stories, the Comanche Indians were armed with bows and arrows and lances with perhaps a few single-shot muzzleloaders thrown in.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">On the other side, the Texas settlers had a few revolvers and muzzleloading long guns, both rifles and shotguns. When the odds were like that, sometimes the settlers won the fight, sometimes the Comanche did, and sometimes it was a tie. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">However, as time passed and the Texans began to have metallic cartridge firing repeating rifles such as the Henry and Winchester Model 1866 firing the rimfire .44 Henry, things began to change. Overwhelmingly then the Texans won.<img src="http://www.examiner.com/images/blog/EXID10832/images/Fetterman_Ft_Phil_Kearny.jpg" /></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Another fight with Indians in which metallic cartridges figured prominently was the Wagon Box Fight near Fort Phil Kearny (near present day Story, Wyoming) in August of 1867.<img src="http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRyXdWoKyJtfx7dp9yT5P7YXNgR-PmkpLNEMjRUvVEunICJ7PebJQ&t=1" height="412" width="640" /> A small detachment of US soldiers were guarding woodcutters a few miles from the fort, and had removed the boxes from wagons and formed them into a sort of palisade inside of which they camped. Sioux Indians decided to attack the wagon box camp on horseback. Heretofore, the Sioux warriors had been aware of the fact US soldiers carried muzzleloading rifle-muskets, and they were willing to soak up one volley if they could get their horses in among the soldiers afterward and do their fighting with lances and war clubs.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">What the Indians didn't know was shortly prior to this the soldiers had received their new Model 1866 "Trapdoor" Springfields firing .50-70 metallic cartridges, which actually were conversions of those previous muzzleloading muskets.<img src="http://www.die-cast-toys.com/plastic-soldiers/bmc-others/triangcuster.jpg" height="455" width="640" /> Instead of ramming a paper cartridge down the barrels of their rifle-muskets, all the soldiers had to do was flip open the "trapdoor" breechblock, drop in a .50-70, snap the breechblock shut, cock the hammer and fire.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Crescent first world war British can be used as Mexicans if painted up properly</span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">It's not hard for someone to fire a dozen shots in a minute with a Trapdoor as opposed to perhaps two a minute with a rifle-musket. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">And so, after the Sioux warriors "soaked up" the first volley from inside the wagon boxes, they were hit with another and another every few seconds. It was a resounding defeat for them. The US Army stuck with .50-70 trapdoors through the Model 1868 and Model 1870, and didn't give them up until the .45-70 trapdoors appeared with the Model 1873.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Hand "Em Out</span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Also, with all those obsolete .50-70 trapdoors and their ammunition setting around, the government was pretty free with handing them out. As late as 1876 the Arickara and Crow Indian scouts hired by the 7th Cavalry to accompany that ill-fated 1876 expedition were issued .50-70 trapdoors.<img src="http://picturearchive.auctionarms.com/6451202446/9559338/hniubouyt.jpg_thumbnail1.jpg" height="425" id="il_fi" style="padding-bottom: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px;" width="634" /> And a civilian expedition searching for gold in eastern Montana in 1874 were carrying .50-70 trapdoors handed out by the territorial governor.<img src="http://www.vectis.co.uk/AuctionImages/366/779_l.jpg" height="257" id="il_fi" style="padding-bottom: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px;" width="800" /></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">So my first vote goes to any military rifle or carbine chambered for the .50-70 Government cartridge. <img src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_SERTIMZuS88/S5KP7wUaDoI/AAAAAAAANdM/LqpzzsPlMRU/s640/mountie.jpg" height="371" id="il_fi" style="padding-bottom: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px;" width="640" />Why did I say "any military rifle or carbine chambered for the .50-70" and not just Trapdoor .50-70s? Because the US Government didn't get around to producing a Trapdoor carbine .50-70 until the Model 1870. Prior to that they sent back tens of thousands of Sharps Model 1859,<img src="http://www.cherrys.com/pedpics/S763b.jpg" /> 1863, and 1865 percussion carbines to their manufacturer and had them converted to .50-70. (By the way all three of those models were virtually identical except for their model number stamping.)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Anyway, the government did something rather odd with these Sharps carbines in the conversion process. Since they had originally been made with .52, 53, and .54 caliber barrels, the government instructed the Sharps factory to bore out the barrels and line them with 3-groove liners if their barrels measured <img src="http://www.imfdb.org/w/images/thumb/0/09/Wildb-webley1.jpg/600px-Wildb-webley1.jpg" height="258" id="il_fi" style="padding-bottom: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px;" width="600" />over .5225". Under that measurement and they were left with their original 6-groove barrels.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> That makes identifying the different ones as easy as casually looking down the bore. A great many of these Sharps .50-70 carbine conversions were never issued, but some did see action in the West. In fact, several companies of Custer's 7th Cavalry stationed in the Dakotas turned in such carbines circa 1874 when the first issues of the brand new Model 1873 .45-70 Trapdoor carbines came along.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">By the way the plastic soldiers above are cherilea not crescent but if you get the mounties they can easily be the Wild Bunch painted up in the right colours</span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Another reason I wouldn't just limit the .50-70 to Trapdoors in my pick of guns that won the West, is it was also a popular chambering in both Remington and Sharps single-shot rifles starting in the late 1860s. Remington offered it in both their military-style Rolling Blocks and their sporting rifles. In fact, the US Army and Navy both bought quantities of .50-70 Rolling Blocks for limited use.<img src="http://irishknight.webs.com/Picture%2078.jpg" height="480" id="il_fi" style="padding-bottom: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px;" width="640" /> And there's a variation of Sharps rifles called the Springfield/Sharps by collectors, wherein the Sharps factory produced musket-style variations fitted with Springfield Armory-made barrels. About 300 of these .50-70s were made for field-testing in the West, but the Army declined to convert from Trapdoors to them.<img src="http://www.icollector.com/images/1618/19798/19798_1208_1_lg.jpg" /></span><br />
<table class="toc" id="toc"><tbody>
<tr><td><div id="toctitle">
<a href="http://www.imfdb.org/w/index.php?title=Wild_Bunch,_The&oldid=460752#Handguns"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Handguns</span></a></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Colt M1911/Star Model B</span><img src="http://www.imfdb.org/w/images/thumb/e/e4/StarPistolB.jpg/350px-StarPistolB.jpg" /></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Single Action Army</span><img src="http://www.imfdb.org/w/images/thumb/9/97/ColtSingleActionArmy.jpg/350px-ColtSingleActionArmy.jpg" /></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Colt New Service</span></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><img src="http://www.imfdb.org/w/images/thumb/7/7d/Colt_New_Service.jpg/350px-Colt_New_Service.jpg" /></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Smith & Wesson Model 10</span></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><span class="toctext"><img src="http://www.imfdb.org/w/images/thumb/c/cc/S%26W-Model-10.jpg/350px-S%26W-Model-10.jpg" /></span></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Enfield No.2 Mk.I*</span><img src="http://www.imfdb.org/w/images/thumb/0/09/Wildb-webley1.jpg/600px-Wildb-webley1.jpg" /></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><span class="toctext"><img alt="Enfield No2.jpg" src="http://www.imfdb.org/w/images/thumb/b/b3/Enfield_No2.jpg/300px-Enfield_No2.jpg" /></span></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><span class="tocnumber">1.6</span> <span class="toctext">Luger P08</span></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><span class="toctext"><img src="http://www.imfdb.org/w/images/thumb/9/98/LugerP08Pistol.jpg/350px-LugerP08Pistol.jpg" /></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="http://www.imfdb.org/w/index.php?title=Wild_Bunch,_The&oldid=460752#Rifles_.26_Carbines"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Rifles & Carbines</span></a><img src="http://www.imfdb.org/w/images/thumb/1/1a/Wildb-luger1.jpg/600px-Wildb-luger1.jpg" /><ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Springfield M1903A3</span></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><img src="http://www.imfdb.org/w/images/thumb/d/de/Springfield03A3.jpg/450px-Springfield03A3.jpg" /><img src="http://www.imfdb.org/w/images/thumb/e/eb/Wildb-spring03c.jpg/600px-Wildb-spring03c.jpg" /></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><img src="http://www.imfdb.org/w/images/thumb/d/d8/Wildb-spring03b.jpg/600px-Wildb-spring03b.jpg" /><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Winchester Model 1892 Saddle Ring Carbine</span><img src="http://www.imfdb.org/w/images/thumb/a/af/Wildb-win92g.jpg/600px-Wildb-win92g.jpg" /></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><img src="http://www.imfdb.org/w/images/thumb/e/ea/Wildb-win92a.jpg/600px-Wildb-win92a.jpg" /></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Winchester Model 1892</span></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><span class="toctext"><img src="http://www.imfdb.org/w/images/thumb/9/94/Winchester1892.jpg/450px-Winchester1892.jpg" /></span></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Sharps 1874 Rifle</span></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><span class="toctext"><img src="http://www.imfdb.org/w/images/thumb/d/d9/Sharps1874.jpg/400px-Sharps1874.jpg" /></span></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Mauser 1912</span></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><span class="toctext"><img src="http://www.imfdb.org/w/images/thumb/1/15/Wildb-spring03g.jpg/600px-Wildb-spring03g.jpg" /><img src="http://www.imfdb.org/w/images/thumb/8/87/1935ModeloMauser.jpg/500px-1935ModeloMauser.jpg" /></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Shotguns</span><ul><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=19506629514561511" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=19506629514561511" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Winchester Model 1897</span></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><span class="toctext"><img src="http://www.imfdb.org/w/images/thumb/f/f4/Winchester1897Plain.jpg/500px-Winchester1897Plain.jpg" /><img src="http://www.imfdb.org/w/images/thumb/4/42/Wildb-win97a.jpg/600px-Wildb-win97a.jpg" /></span></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Winchester Model 1912</span><img src="http://www.imfdb.org/w/images/thumb/6/6e/Wildb-win12d.jpg/600px-Wildb-win12d.jpg" /></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><span class="toctext"><img src="http://www.imfdb.org/w/images/thumb/f/f0/WinchesterModel12Riot.jpg/450px-WinchesterModel12Riot.jpg" /></span></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Single Barrel Shotgun</span><img src="http://www.imfdb.org/w/images/thumb/2/22/WBSGa.jpg/600px-WBSGa.jpg" /></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Double-Barreled Shotgun</span><img src="http://www.imfdb.org/w/images/thumb/e/ea/Stevens12GaugeShotgun.jpg/500px-Stevens12GaugeShotgun.jpg" /><img src="http://www.imfdb.org/w/images/thumb/4/44/Wildb-shotgun1.jpg/600px-Wildb-shotgun1.jpg" /></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Machine Gun</span><img src="http://www.imfdb.org/w/images/thumb/a/a8/M1917A1_2.jpg/350px-M1917A1_2.jpg" /><ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Browning M1917.- The Wild Bunch ends with a Vietnam style bloodbath but thats too easy to state. It really ends in a fimnal homage to the lasst real Americans. Holden and company would not have understood the tea party people or Michelle Bachmann in any way.</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19506629514561511.post-15115569981299668512015-04-18T12:14:00.005-07:002023-01-15T10:38:34.244-08:00from hell, the riipper<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<img height="468" src="http://www.victorianweb.org/art/illustration/pennell/8.jpg" style="background-color: transparent;" width="640" /><b>Jack the Ripper</b> is the best known name given to an unidentified serial killer active in the largely impoverished areas in and around the Whitechapel district of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="London">London</a> in 1888.<img src="http://www.eastendwalks.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/dockstrike_march_float.png" style="background-color: transparent;" /><span style="line-height: 22.4px;"> The name originated in a</span><span style="line-height: 22.4px;"> </span>letter<span style="line-height: 22.4px;"> written by someone claiming to be the murderer that was widely disseminated in </span><img src="http://spitalfieldslife.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/05.jpg" style="background-color: transparent;" /><span style="line-height: 22.4px;">the media. The letter is widely believed to have been a hoax, and may have been written by journalists in an attempt to heighten interest in the story and increase their newspaper's circulation. </span><img src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-WFol3wPJS-8/VLGbqzf3hqI/AAAAAAAAD9k/HPuod8AXh5U/s1600/P1030301.JPG" style="background-color: transparent;" /><span style="line-height: 22.4px;">Within the crime case files as well as contemporaneous journalistic accounts the killer was called "the Whitechapel Murderer" as well as "Leather Apron".</span><img src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-O9bFJt-P6uI/VLHsbppOB7I/AAAAAAABEgI/sMPHCL85Lig/s1600/5.%2Bfinal%2Bgroup.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 22.4px;" /></div>
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Attacks ascribed to Jack the Ripper typically involved female prostitutes who lived and worked in the slums of London and whose throats were cut prior to abdominal mutilations. The removal of internal organs from at least three of the victims led to proposals that their killer possessed anatomical or surgical knowledge.</div>
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Rumours that the murders were connected intensified in September and October 1888, and letters from a writer or writers purporting to be the murderer were received by media outlets and Scotland Yard. The "From Hell" letter, received by George Lusk<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/George_Lusk%2C_President_of_the_Whitechapel_Vigilance_Committee.jpg" style="background-color: transparent;" /><span style="line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.4px;">of the</span><span style="line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.4px;">Whitechapel Vigilance Committee</span><span style="line-height: 22.4px;">, included half of a preserved human kidney, purportedly taken from one of the victims. Mainly because of the extraordinarily brutal character of the murders, and because of media treatment of the events, the public came increasingly to believe in a single serial killer known as "Jack the Ripper".</span></div>
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Extensive newspaper coverage bestowed widespread and enduring international notoriety on the Ripper, and his legend solidified. A police investigation into a series of eleven brutal killings in Whitechapel up to 1891 was unable to connect all the killings conclusively to the murders of 1888. Five victims: Mary Ann Nichols, Annie Chapman, Elizabeth Stride<span style="line-height: 22.4px;">, </span>Catherine Eddowes<span style="line-height: 22.4px;"> and </span>Mary Jane Kelly<span style="line-height: 22.4px;">, all murdered between 31 August and 9 November 1888, are known as the "canonical five" and their murders are often considered the most likely to be linked. As the murders were never solved, the legends surrounding them became a combination of genuine historical research, folklore, and </span>pseudohistory<span style="line-height: 22.4px;">. The term "ripperology" was coined to describe the study and analysis of the Ripper cases. There are now over one hundred </span>theories about the Ripper's identity<span style="line-height: 22.4px;">, and the murders have inspired </span>multiple works of fiction<span style="line-height: 22.4px;">.</span></div>
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In the mid-19th century, Britain experienced an influx of Irish immigrants, who swelled the populations of the major cities, including the East End of London. From 1882, Jewish refugees from pogroms in Tsarist Russia and other areas of Eastern Europe emigrated into the same area.<br />
The <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parish" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Civil parish">civil parish</a> of Whitechapel in London's East End became increasingly overcrowded. <img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Whitechapel_High_Street_1905.JPG" style="line-height: 22.4px;" /><span style="line-height: 22.4px;">Work and housing conditions worsened, and a significant economic underclass developed.</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 22.4px;"> Robbery, violence and alcohol dependency were commonplace, and the endemic poverty drove many women to prostitution. In October 1888, London's </span><span style="line-height: 22.4px;">Metropolitan Police Service</span><span style="line-height: 22.4px;"> estimated that there were 62 brothels and 1,200 women working as prostitutes in Whitechapel.</span><br />
The economic problems were accompanied by a steady rise in social tensions. Between 1886 and 1889, frequent demonstrations, such as that of 13 November 1887, led to police intervention and further public unrest.<br />
Anti-semitism, crime, nativism, racism, social disturbance, and severe deprivation fed public perceptions that Whitechapel was a notorious den of immorality. In 1888, such perceptions were strengthened when a series of vicious and grotesque murders attributed to "Jack the Ripper" received unprecedented coverage in the media.</div>
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The large number of attacks against women in the East End during this era adds uncertainty to how many victims were killed by the same person.<br />
Eleven separate murders, stretching from <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">3 April</span> 1888 to <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">13 February</span> 1891, were included in a London Metropolitan Police Service investigation, and were known collectively in the police docket as the "Whitechapel murders".<img alt="A phantom brandishing a knife floats through a slum street" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Jack-the-Ripper-The-Nemesis-of-Neglect-Punch-London-Charivari-cartoon-poem-1888-09-29.jpg" style="line-height: 22.4px;" /><br />
Opinions vary as to whether these murders should be linked to the same culprit, but five of the eleven Whitechapel murders, known as the "canonical five", are widely believed to be the work of Jack the Ripper.<br />
Most experts point to deep throat slashes, abdominal and genital-area mutilation, removal of internal organs, and progressive facial mutilations as the distinctive features of the Ripper's <i>modus operandi</i>.<br />
The first two cases in the Whitechapel murders file, those of Emma Elizabeth Smith and Martha Tabram, are not included in the canonical five.</div>
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Smith was robbed and sexually assaulted in Osborn Street, Whitechapel,<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Brick_Lane.JPG/1024px-Brick_Lane.JPG" style="background-color: transparent;" /><span style="line-height: 22.4px;"> on</span><span style="line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><span class="nowrap" style="line-height: 22.4px; white-space: nowrap;">3 April</span><span style="line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.4px;">1888. A blunt object was inserted into her </span>vagina<span style="line-height: 22.4px;">, rupturing her</span><span style="line-height: 22.4px;"> </span>peritoneum<span style="line-height: 22.4px;">. She developed</span><span style="line-height: 22.4px;"> </span>peritonitis<span style="line-height: 22.4px;">, and died the following day at</span><span style="line-height: 22.4px;"> </span>London Hospital<span style="line-height: 22.4px;">.</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 22.4px;">She said that she had been attacked by two or three men, one of whom was a teenager.</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.4px;">The attack was linked to the later murders by the press,</span><span style="line-height: 22.4px;">but most authors attribute it to gang violence unrelated to the Ripper case.</span></div>
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Tabram was killed on 7 August 1888; she had suffered 39 stab wounds. The savagery of the murder, the lack of obvious motive, and the closeness of the location (George Yard, Whitechapel) and date to those of the later Ripper murders led police to link them.<br />
The attack differs from the canonical murders in that Tabram was stabbed rather than slashed at the throat and abdomen, and many experts today do not connect it with the later murders because of the difference in the wound pattern.</div>
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The canonical five Ripper victims are Mary Ann Nichols, Annie Chapman, Elizabeth Stride, Catherine Eddowes and Mary Jane Kelly. Nichols' body was discovered at about<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">3:40 a.m.</span> on Friday <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">31 August</span> 1888 in Buck's Row (now Durward Street)<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Bucks-Row2.jpg" style="background-color: transparent;" /><span style="line-height: 22.4px;">, Whitechapel. The throat was severed by two cuts, and the lower part of the abdomen was partly ripped open by a deep, jagged wound. Several other incisions on the abdomen were caused by the same knife.</span></div>
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Chapman's body was discovered at about <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">6 a.m.</span> on Saturday <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">8 September</span> 1888 near a doorway in the back yard of 29 Hanbury Street,<img alt="Hanbury-South.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/67/Hanbury-South.jpg" style="background-color: transparent;" /><span style="line-height: 22.4px;"> </span>Spitalfields<span style="line-height: 22.4px;">. As in the case of Mary Ann Nichols, the throat was severed by two cuts.</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 22.4px;">The abdomen was slashed entirely open, and it was later discovered that the</span><span style="line-height: 22.4px;"> </span>uterus<span style="line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.4px;">had been removed.</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 22.4px;">At the inquest, one witness described seeing Chapman at about</span><span style="line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><span class="nowrap" style="line-height: 22.4px; white-space: nowrap;">5:30 a.m.</span><span style="line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.4px;">with a dark-haired man of "shabby-genteel" appearance.</span><img height="453" src="https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRLVkh5ivyirQNkwo9eb_e0Vu6vNP_3FVrW7hG5mKq85nmEcvoi" style="background-color: transparent;" width="640" /></div>
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Stride and Eddowes were killed in the early morning of Sunday <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">30 September</span> 1888. Stride's body was discovered at about <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">1 a.m.</span>, in Dutfield's Yard, off Berner Street (nowHenriques Street) in Whitechapel. The cause of death was one clear-cut incision which severed the main artery on the left side of the neck. Uncertainty about whether Stride's murder should be attributed to the Ripper, or whether he was interrupted during the attack, stems from the absence of mutilations to the abdomen. Witnesses who thought they saw Stride with a man earlier that night gave differing descriptions: some said her companion was fair, others dark; some said he was shabbily dressed, others well-dressed.</div>
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Eddowes' body was found in Mitre Square, in the City of London, three-quarters of an hour after Stride's. The throat was severed, and the abdomen was ripped open by a long, deep, jagged wound. The left kidney and the major part of the uterus had been removed. A local man, Joseph Lawende, had passed through the square with two friends shortly before the murder, and he described seeing a fair-haired man of shabby appearance with a woman who may have been Eddowes.<br />
His companions were unable to confirm his description. Eddowes' and Stride's murders were later called the "double event".<br />
Part of Eddowes' bloodied apron was found at the entrance to a tenement in Goulston Street, Whitechapel. Some writing on the wall above the apron piece, which became known as the Goulston Street graffito, seemed to implicate a Jew or Jews, but it was unclear whether the graffito was written by the murderer as he dropped the apron piece, or merely incidental.<img src="https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRCK9nNrE6Y5eEzi9t7kQJvU5dzGY-OIl5o3vFJHEysrDki5NGATA" style="line-height: 22.4px;" /><br />
Such graffiti were commonplace in Whitechapel. Police CommissionerCharles Warren feared the graffito might spark <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-semitism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Anti-semitism">anti-semitic</a> riots, and ordered it washed away before dawn.</div>
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<span style="line-height: 22.4px;"><br />The canonical five murders were perpetrated at night, on or close to a weekend, either at the end of a month or a week (or so) after.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-31" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[31]</a></sup><span style="line-height: 22.4px;">The mutilations became increasingly severe as the series of murders proceeded, except for that of Stride, whose attacker may have been interrupted.</span><img src="http://thumbs2.picclick.com/d/l400/pict/381094776369_/TOY-SOLDIERS-METAL-AMERICAN-CIVIL-WAR-WOMAN-54MM.jpg" style="line-height: 22.4px;" /><br />
<span style="line-height: 22.4px;">Nichols was not missing any organs; Chapman's uterus was taken; Eddowes had her uterus and a kidney removed and her face mutilated; and Kelly's body was eviscerated and her face hacked away, </span><img src="http://www.tmterrain.co.uk/general-projects/victorian-london-warehouses.jpg" style="line-height: 22.4px;" /><span style="line-height: 22.4px;">though only her heart was missing from the crime scene.</span><span style="line-height: 22.4px;">Kelly's mutilated and disemboweled body was discovered lying on the bed in the single room where she lived at 13 Miller's Court, off</span><span style="line-height: 22.4px;">Dorset Street, </span><img alt="Victorian warehouse" src="http://www.tmterrain.co.uk/general-projects/warehouse1.jpg" style="line-height: 22.4px;" /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset_Street,_London" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Dorset Street, London">Spitalfields</a><span style="line-height: 22.4px;">, at </span><span class="nowrap" style="line-height: 22.4px; white-space: nowrap;">10:45 a.m.</span><span style="line-height: 22.4px;"> on Friday </span><span class="nowrap" style="line-height: 22.4px; white-space: nowrap;">9 November</span><span style="line-height: 22.4px;"> 1888. The throat had been severed down to the spine, and the abdomen almost emptied of its organs. The heart was missing.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-30" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[30]</a></sup><img src="https://img0.etsystatic.com/000/0/5322631/il_224xN.347391660.jpg" style="line-height: 22.4px;" /></div>
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Historically, the belief that these five crimes were committed by the same man derives from contemporary documents that link them together to the exclusion of others.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-33" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[33]</a></sup> In 1894, Sir <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melville_Macnaghten" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Melville Macnaghten">Melville Macnaghten</a>, Assistant <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Constable" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chief Constable">Chief Constable</a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Service" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Metropolitan Police Service">Metropolitan Police Service</a> and Head of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_Investigation_Department" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Criminal Investigation Department">Criminal Investigation Department</a> (CID), wrote a report that stated: "the Whitechapel murderer had 5 victims—& 5 victims only".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-34" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[34]</a></sup> Similarly, the canonical five victims were linked together in a letter written by the police surgeon <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bond_(British_physician)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thomas Bond (British physician)">Thomas Bond</a> to <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Anderson_(police_official)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Robert Anderson (police official)">Robert Anderson</a>, head of the London CID, on <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">10 November</span> 1888.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bond_35-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-bond-35" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[35]</a></sup> Some researchers have posited that while some of the murders were undoubtedly the work of a single killer, an unknown larger number of killers acting independently were responsible for the others.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-36" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[36]</a></sup> Authors Stewart P. Evans and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Rumbelow" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Donald Rumbelow">Donald Rumbelow</a> argue that the canonical five is a "Ripper myth" and that while three cases (Nichols, Chapman, and Eddowes) can be definitely linked, there is less certainty over Stride and Kelly.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-37" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[37]</a></sup> Conversely, others suppose that the six murders between Tabram and Kelly were the work of a single killer.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-keppel_11-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-keppel-11" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[11]</a></sup> Dr Percy Clark, assistant to the examining pathologist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bagster_Phillips" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="George Bagster Phillips">George Bagster Phillips</a>, linked only three of the murders and thought the others were perpetrated by "weak-minded individual[s] ... induced to emulate the crime".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-38" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[38]</a></sup> Macnaghten did not join the police force until the year after the murders, and his memorandum contains serious factual errors about possible suspects.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-39" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[39]</a></sup></div>
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<a aria-hidden="true" class="mw-headline-anchor" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#Later_Whitechapel_murders" style="-webkit-user-select: none; background: none; color: #888888; font-weight: normal; margin-left: -20px; margin-right: 0px; opacity: 0; position: absolute; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; user-select: none; width: 20px;" title="Link to this section">§</a><span class="mw-headline" id="Later_Whitechapel_murders">Later Whitechapel murders</span></h3>
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Kelly is generally considered to be the Ripper's final victim, and it is assumed that the crimes ended because of the culprit's death, imprisonment, institutionalisation, or emigration.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-odnb_16-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-odnb-16" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[16]</a></sup> The Whitechapel murders file does, however, detail another four murders that happened after the canonical five: those of Rose Mylett, Alice McKenzie, the Pinchin Street torso and Frances Coles.</div>
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Mylett was found strangled in Clarke's Yard, High Street, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poplar,_London" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Poplar, London">Poplar</a> on <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">20 December</span> 1888. As there was no sign of a struggle, the police believed that she had accidentally hanged herself on her collar while in a drunken stupor, or committed suicide.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mylett_40-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-mylett-40" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[40]</a></sup> Nevertheless, the inquest jury returned a verdict of murder.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mylett_40-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-mylett-40" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[40]</a></sup></div>
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McKenzie was killed on 17 July 1889 by severance of the left <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_carotid_artery" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="External carotid artery">carotid artery</a>. Several minor bruises and cuts were found on the body, discovered in Castle Alley, Whitechapel. One of the examining pathologists, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bond_(British_physician)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thomas Bond (British physician)">Thomas Bond</a>, believed this to be a Ripper murder, though another pathologist, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bagster_Phillips" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="George Bagster Phillips">George Bagster Phillips</a>, who had examined the bodies of three previous victims, disagreed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-41" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[41]</a></sup> Later writers are also divided between those who think that her murderer copied the Ripper's <i>modus operandi</i> to deflect suspicion from himself,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-42" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[42]</a></sup>and those that ascribe it to the Ripper.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-43" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[43]</a></sup></div>
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"The Pinchin Street torso" was a headless and legless torso of an unidentified woman found under a railway arch in Pinchin Street, Whitechapel, on <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">10 September</span> 1889. It seems probable that the murder was committed elsewhere and that parts of the dismembered body were dispersed for disposal.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-44" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[44]</a></sup></div>
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Coles was killed on 13 February 1891 under a railway arch at Swallow Gardens, Whitechapel. Her throat was cut but the body was not mutilated. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper_suspects#James_Thomas_Sadler" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jack the Ripper suspects">James Thomas Sadler</a>, seen earlier with her, was arrested by the police, charged with her murder and was briefly thought to be the Ripper.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-coles_45-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-coles-45" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[45]</a></sup> He was, however, discharged from court for lack of evidence on<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">3 March</span> 1891.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-coles_45-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-coles-45" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[45]</a></sup></div>
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<a aria-hidden="true" class="mw-headline-anchor" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#Other_alleged_victims" style="-webkit-user-select: none; background: none; color: #888888; font-weight: normal; margin-left: -20px; margin-right: 0px; opacity: 0; position: absolute; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; user-select: none; width: 20px;" title="Link to this section">§</a><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_alleged_victims">Other alleged victims</span></h3>
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In addition to the eleven Whitechapel murders, commentators have linked other attacks to the Ripper. In one case, that of "Fairy Fay", it is unclear whether the attack was real or fabricated as a part of Ripper lore.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hunted_46-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-Hunted-46" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[46]</a></sup> "Fairy Fay" was a nickname given to a victim allegedly found on <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">26 December</span> 1887 "after a stake had been thrust through her abdomen",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-47" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-47" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[47]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-48" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-48" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[48]</a></sup> but there were no recorded murders in Whitechapel at or around Christmas 1887.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-49" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-49" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[49]</a></sup> "Fairy Fay" seems to have been created through a confused press report of the murder of Emma Elizabeth Smith, who had had a stick or other blunt object shoved into her abdomen.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-50" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-50" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[50]</a></sup> Most authors agree that "Fairy Fay" never existed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hunted_46-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-Hunted-46" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[46]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TheFacts_51-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-TheFacts-51" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[51]</a></sup></div>
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Annie Millwood was admitted to Whitechapel workhouse infirmary with stab wounds in the legs and lower torso on <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">25 February</span> 1888.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-52" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-52" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[52]</a></sup> She was discharged but died from apparently natural causes aged 38 on <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">31 March</span> 1888.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TheFacts_51-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-TheFacts-51" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[51]</a></sup> She was later postulated as the Ripper's first victim, but the attack cannot be linked definitely.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-53" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-53" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[53]</a></sup> Another supposed early victim was Ada Wilson,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-54" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-54" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[54]</a></sup> who reportedly survived being stabbed twice in the neck on <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">28 March</span> 1888.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-55" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-55" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[55]</a></sup> Annie Farmer, who resided at the same lodging house as Martha Tabram,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-56" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-56" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[56]</a></sup> reported an attack on <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">21 November</span> 1888. She had a superficial cut on her throat, but it was possibly self-inflicted.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-57" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-57" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[57]</a></sup></div>
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"The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehall_Mystery" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Whitehall Mystery">Whitehall Mystery</a>" of October 1888</div>
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"The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehall_Mystery" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Whitehall Mystery">Whitehall Mystery</a>" was a term coined for the discovery of a headless torso of a woman on <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2 October</span> 1888 in the basement of the new <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Shaw_Buildings" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Norman Shaw Buildings">Metropolitan Police headquarters</a> being built in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehall" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Whitehall">Whitehall</a>. An arm belonging to the body was previously discovered floating in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Thames" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="River Thames">river Thames</a> near <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimlico" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pimlico">Pimlico</a>, and one of the legs was subsequently discovered buried near where the torso was found.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-58" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-58" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[58]</a></sup> The other limbs and head were never recovered and the body was never identified. The mutilations were similar to those in the Pinchin Street case, where the legs and head were severed but not the arms. The Whitehall Mystery and the Pinchin Street case may have been part of a series of murders, called the "Thames Mysteries", committed by a single serial killer, dubbed the "Torso killer".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-gordon_59-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-gordon-59" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[59]</a></sup> Whether Jack the Ripper and the "Torso killer" were the same person or separate serial killers active in the same area is debatable.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-gordon_59-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-gordon-59" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[59]</a></sup> As the <i>modus operandi</i> of the Torso killer differed from that of the Ripper, police at the time discounted any connection between the two.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-60" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-60" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[60]</a></sup> Elizabeth Jackson, a prostitute whose various body parts were collected from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Thames" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="River Thames">river Thames</a> over a three-week period in June 1889, may have been another victim of the "Torso killer".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-61" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-61" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[61]</a></sup></div>
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John Gill, a seven-year-old boy, was found murdered in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manningham,_Bradford" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Manningham, Bradford">Manningham, Bradford</a>, on <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">29 December</span> 1888. His legs had been severed, his abdomen opened, his intestines drawn out, and his heart and one ear removed. The similarities with the murder of Mary Kelly led to press speculation that the Ripper had killed the boy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-gill_62-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-gill-62" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[62]</a></sup> The boy's employer, milkman William Barrett, was twice arrested for the murder on circumstantial evidence but was released.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-gill_62-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-gill-62" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[62]</a></sup> No-one else was ever prosecuted.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-gill_62-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-gill-62" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[62]</a></sup></div>
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrie_Brown_(murder_victim)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Carrie Brown (murder victim)">Carrie Brown</a> (nicknamed "Shakespeare", reportedly for quoting <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_sonnets" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Shakespeare's sonnets">Shakespeare's sonnets</a>) was strangled with clothing and then mutilated with a knife on <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">24 April</span> 1891 in New York City.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-brown_63-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-brown-63" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[63]</a></sup> Her body was found with a large tear through her groin area and superficial cuts on her legs and back. No organs were removed from the scene, though an ovary, either purposely removed or unintentionally dislodged, was found upon the bed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-brown_63-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-brown-63" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[63]</a></sup> At the time, the murder was compared to those in Whitechapel, though the Metropolitan Police eventually ruled out any connection.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-brown_63-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-brown-63" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[63]</a></sup></div>
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<a aria-hidden="true" class="mw-headline-anchor" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#Investigation" style="-webkit-user-select: none; background: none; color: #888888; margin-left: -20px; margin-right: 0px; opacity: 0; position: absolute; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; user-select: none; width: 20px;" title="Link to this section">§</a><span class="mw-headline" id="Investigation">Investigation</span></h2>
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Inspector <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Abberline" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Frederick Abberline">Frederick Abberline</a>, 1888</div>
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The surviving police files on the Whitechapel murders allow a detailed view of investigative procedure in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_era" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-canter12_64-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-canter12-64" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[64]</a></sup> A large team of policemen conducted house-to-house inquiries throughout Whitechapel. Forensic material was collected and examined. Suspects were identified, traced and either examined more closely or eliminated from the inquiry. Police work follows the same pattern today.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-canter12_64-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-canter12-64" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[64]</a></sup> More than 2,000 people were interviewed, "upwards of 300" people were investigated, and 80 people were detained.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-65" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-65" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[65]</a></sup></div>
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The investigation was initially conducted by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Service" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Metropolitan Police Service">Metropolitan Police</a> Whitechapel (H) Division <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_Investigation_Department" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Criminal Investigation Department">Criminal Investigation Department</a> (CID) headed by Detective Inspector <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Reid" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edmund Reid">Edmund Reid</a>. After the murder of Nichols, Detective Inspectors <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Abberline" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Frederick Abberline">Frederick Abberline</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Moore_(police_officer)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Henry Moore (police officer)">Henry Moore</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Simon_Andrews" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Walter Simon Andrews">Walter Andrews</a> were sent from Central Office at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_Yard" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Scotland Yard">Scotland Yard</a> to assist. After the Eddowes murder, which occurred within the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="City of London">City of London</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London_Police" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="City of London Police">City Police</a> under Detective Inspector James McWilliam were involved.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-66" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-66" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[66]</a></sup> However, overall direction of the murder enquiries was hampered by the fact that the newly appointed head of the CID, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Anderson_(police_official)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Robert Anderson (police official)">Robert Anderson</a>, was on leave in Switzerland between <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">7 September</span> and <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">6 October</span>, during the time Chapman, Stride and Eddowes were killed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-67" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-67" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[67]</a></sup> This prompted the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioner_of_Police_of_the_Metropolis" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis">Metropolitan Police Commissioner</a>, Sir <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Warren" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Charles Warren">Charles Warren</a>, to appoint Chief Inspector <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Swanson" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Donald Swanson">Donald Swanson</a> to coordinate the enquiry from Scotland Yard.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-68" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-68" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[68]</a></sup></div>
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<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ripper_cartoon_punch.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Drawing of a blind-folded policeman with arms outstretched in the midst of a bunch of ragamuffin ruffians" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="907" data-file-width="717" height="278" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ripper_cartoon_punch.jpg/220px-Ripper_cartoon_punch.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ripper_cartoon_punch.jpg/330px-Ripper_cartoon_punch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ripper_cartoon_punch.jpg/440px-Ripper_cartoon_punch.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><br />
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"<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_man%27s_buff" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Blind man's buff">Blind man's buff</a>": <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punch_(magazine)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Punch (magazine)">Punch</a></i> cartoon by<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tenniel" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="John Tenniel">John Tenniel</a> (<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">22 September</span> 1888) criticising the police's alleged incompetence. The failure of the police to capture the killer reinforced the attitude held by radicals that the police were inept and mismanaged.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-69" style="font-size: 9.89632px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-69" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[69]</a></sup></div>
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Partly because of dissatisfaction with the police effort, a group of volunteer citizens in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_End_of_London" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="East End of London">London's East End</a>called the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitechapel_Vigilance_Committee" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Whitechapel Vigilance Committee">Whitechapel Vigilance Committee</a> patrolled the streets looking for suspicious characters, petitioned the government to raise a reward for information about the killer, and hired private detectives to question witnesses independently.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-70" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-70" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[70]</a></sup></div>
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Butchers, slaughterers, surgeons and physicians were suspected because of the manner of the mutilations. A surviving note from Major Henry Smith, Acting Commissioner of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London_Police" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="City of London Police">City Police</a>, indicates that the alibis of local butchers and slaughterers were investigated, with the result that they were eliminated from the inquiry.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-71" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-71" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[71]</a></sup> A report from Inspector Swanson to the Home Office confirms that 76 butchers and slaughterers were visited, and that the inquiry encompassed all their employees for the previous six months.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-72" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-72" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[72]</a></sup> Some contemporary figures, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>, thought the pattern of the murders indicated that the culprit was a butcher or cattle drover on one of the cattle boats that plied between London and mainland Europe. Whitechapel was close to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Docks" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="London Docks">London Docks</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-73" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-73" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[73]</a></sup> and usually such boats docked on Thursday or Friday and departed on Saturday or Sunday.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-74" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-74" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[74]</a></sup> The cattle boats were examined but the dates of the murders did not coincide with a single boat's movements and the transfer of a crewman between boats was also ruled out.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-75" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-75" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[75]</a></sup></div>
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<a aria-hidden="true" class="mw-headline-anchor" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#Criminal_profiling" style="-webkit-user-select: none; background: none; color: #888888; font-weight: normal; margin-left: -20px; margin-right: 0px; opacity: 0; position: absolute; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; user-select: none; width: 20px;" title="Link to this section">§</a><span class="mw-headline" id="Criminal_profiling">Criminal profiling</span></h3>
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At the end of October, Robert Anderson asked police surgeon <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bond_(British_physician)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thomas Bond (British physician)">Thomas Bond</a> to give his opinion on the extent of the murderer's surgical skill and knowledge.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-76" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-76" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[76]</a></sup> The opinion offered by Bond on the character of the "Whitechapel murderer" is the earliest surviving <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offender_profiling" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Offender profiling">offender profile</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-canter5_77-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-canter5-77" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[77]</a></sup> Bond's assessment was based on his own examination of the most extensively mutilated victim and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autopsy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Autopsy">post mortem</a> notes from the four previous canonical murders.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bond_35-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-bond-35" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[35]</a></sup> He wrote:</div>
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All five murders no doubt were committed by the same hand. In the first four the throats appear to have been cut from left to right, in the last case owing to the extensive mutilation it is impossible to say in what direction the fatal cut was made, but arterial blood was found on the wall in splashes close to where the woman's head must have been lying.<br />
All the circumstances surrounding the murders lead me to form the opinion that the women must have been lying down when murdered and in every case the throat was first cut.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bond_35-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-bond-35" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[35]</a></sup></div>
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Bond was strongly opposed to the idea that the murderer possessed any kind of scientific or anatomical knowledge, or even "the technical knowledge of a butcher or horse slaughterer".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bond_35-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-bond-35" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[35]</a></sup> In his opinion the killer must have been a man of solitary habits, subject to "periodical attacks of homicidal and erotic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mania" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mania">mania</a>", with the character of the mutilations possibly indicating "<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyriasis" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Satyriasis">satyriasis</a>".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bond_35-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-bond-35" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[35]</a></sup> Bond also stated that "the homicidal impulse may have developed from a revengeful or brooding condition of the mind, or that religious mania may have been the original disease but I do not think either hypothesis is likely".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bond_35-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-bond-35" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[35]</a></sup></div>
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While there is no evidence of any sexual activity with any of the victims,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-keppel_11-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-keppel-11" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[11]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-78" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-78" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[78]</a></sup> psychologists suppose that the penetration of the victims with a knife and "leaving them on display in sexually degrading positions with the wounds exposed" indicates that the perpetrator derived sexual pleasure from the attacks.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-keppel_11-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-keppel-11" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[11]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-79" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-79" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[79]</a></sup> This view is challenged by others who dismiss such hypotheses as insupportable supposition.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-80" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-80" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[80]</a></sup></div>
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<a aria-hidden="true" class="mw-headline-anchor" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#Suspects" style="-webkit-user-select: none; background: none; color: #888888; margin-left: -20px; margin-right: 0px; opacity: 0; position: absolute; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; user-select: none; width: 20px;" title="Link to this section">§</a><span class="mw-headline" id="Suspects">Suspects</span></h2>
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Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper_suspects" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jack the Ripper suspects">Jack the Ripper suspects</a></div>
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<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JacktheRipperPuck.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Cartoon of a man holding a bloody knife looking contemptuously at a display of half-a-dozen supposed and dissimilar likenesses" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="790" data-file-width="541" height="321" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/JacktheRipperPuck.jpg/220px-JacktheRipperPuck.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/JacktheRipperPuck.jpg/330px-JacktheRipperPuck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/JacktheRipperPuck.jpg/440px-JacktheRipperPuck.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><br />
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<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JacktheRipperPuck.jpg" style="-webkit-user-select: none; background-color: initial; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%2011%2015%22%20width%3D%2215%22%20height%3D%2211%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3Cg%20id%3D%22magnify-clip%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%23000%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cpath%20id%3D%22bigbox%22%20d%3D%22M1.509%201.865h10.99v7.919h-10.99z%22%2F%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cpath%20id%3D%22smallbox%22%20d%3D%22M-1.499%206.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22%2F%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Speculation as to the identity of Jack the Ripper: cover of the 21 September 1889, issue of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puck_(magazine)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Puck (magazine)">Puck</a></i> magazine, by cartoonist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Mecham" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="William Mecham">Tom Merry</a></div>
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The concentration of the killings around weekends and public holidays, and within a few streets of each other, has indicated to many that the Ripper was in regular employment and lived locally.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-81" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-81" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[81]</a></sup> Others have thought the killer was an educated upper-class man, possibly a doctor or an aristocrat, who ventured into Whitechapel from a more well-to-do area.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-82" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-82" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[82]</a></sup> Such theories draw on cultural perceptions such as fear of the medical profession, mistrust of modern science, or the exploitation of the poor by the rich.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-83" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-83" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[83]</a></sup> Suspects proposed years after the murders include virtually anyone remotely connected to the case by contemporary documents, as well as many famous names, who were never considered in the police investigation. As everyone alive at the time is now dead, modern authors are free to accuse anyone, "without any need for any supporting historical evidence".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-84" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-84" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[84]</a></sup> Suspects named in contemporary police documents include three in Sir<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melville_Macnaghten" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Melville Macnaghten">Melville Macnaghten</a>'s 1894 memorandum, but the evidence against them is circumstantial at best.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-85" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-85" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[85]</a></sup></div>
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Despite the many and varied theories about the identity and profession of Jack the Ripper, authorities are not agreed upon any of them and the number of named suspects reaches over one hundred.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-whiteway_86-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-whiteway-86" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[86]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-87" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-87" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[87]</a></sup></div>
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<a aria-hidden="true" class="mw-headline-anchor" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#Letters" style="-webkit-user-select: none; background: none; color: #888888; margin-left: -20px; margin-right: 0px; opacity: 0; position: absolute; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; user-select: none; width: 20px;" title="Link to this section">§</a><span class="mw-headline" id="Letters">Letters</span></h2>
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<tr><th style="background: rgb(246, 230, 174);"><b><span class="selflink">Jack the Ripper</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#Letters" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jack the Ripper">letters</a></b></th></tr>
<tr><td align="center"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dear_Boss_letter" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dear Boss letter">"Dear Boss" letter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saucy_Jacky_postcard" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Saucy Jacky postcard">"Saucy Jacky" postcard</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_Hell_letter" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="From Hell letter">"From Hell" letter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Openshaw_Letter#Jack_the_Ripper" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Openshaw Letter">Openshaw letter</a></td></tr>
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Over the course of the Ripper murders, the police, newspapers and others received hundreds of letters regarding the case.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-88" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-88" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[88]</a></sup> Some were well-intentioned offers of advice for catching the killer but the vast majority were useless.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-89" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-89" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[89]</a></sup></div>
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Hundreds of letters claimed to have been written by the killer himself,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-90" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-90" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[90]</a></sup> and three of these in particular are prominent: the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dear_Boss_letter" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dear Boss letter">"Dear Boss" letter</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saucy_Jacky_postcard" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Saucy Jacky postcard">"Saucy Jacky" postcard</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_Hell_letter" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="From Hell letter">"From Hell" letter</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-91" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-91" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[91]</a></sup></div>
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The "Dear Boss" letter, dated <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">25 September</span>, was <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmark" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Postmark">postmarked</a> <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">27 September</span> 1888. It was received that day by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_News_Agency_(London)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Central News Agency (London)">Central News Agency</a>, and was forwarded to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_Yard" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Scotland Yard">Scotland Yard</a> on <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">29 September</span>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-92" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-92" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[92]</a></sup> Initially it was considered a hoax, but when Eddowes was found three days after the letter's postmark with one ear partially cut off, the letter's promise to "clip the ladys (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sic">sic</a>) ears off" gained attention.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-93" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-93" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[93]</a></sup> However, Eddowes' ear appears to have been nicked by the killer incidentally during his attack, and the letter writer's threat to send the ears to the police was never carried out.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-94" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-94" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[94]</a></sup> The name "Jack the Ripper" was first used in this letter by the signatory and gained worldwide notoriety after its publication.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-95" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-95" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[95]</a></sup> Most of the letters that followed copied this letter's tone.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-96" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-96" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[96]</a></sup> Some sources claim that another letter, dated <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">17 September</span> 1888, was the first to use the name "Jack the Ripper",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-97" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-97" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[97]</a></sup> but most experts believe this was a fake inserted into police records in the 20th century.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-98" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-98" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[98]</a></sup></div>
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<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FromHellLetter.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Scrawled and misspelled note reading: From hell—Mr Lusk—Sir I send you half the kidne I took from one woman prasarved it for you tother piece I fried and ate it was very nise I may send you the bloody knif that took it out if you only wate a whil longer—Signed Catch me when you can Mishter Lusk" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="972" data-file-width="678" height="244" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/FromHellLetter.jpg/170px-FromHellLetter.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/FromHellLetter.jpg/255px-FromHellLetter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/FromHellLetter.jpg/340px-FromHellLetter.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="170" /></a><br />
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The "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_Hell_letter" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="From Hell letter">From Hell</a>" letter</div>
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The "Saucy Jacky" postcard was postmarked <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">1 October</span> 1888 and was received the same day by the Central News Agency. The handwriting was similar to the "Dear Boss" letter.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-99" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-99" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[99]</a></sup> It mentions that two victims were killed very close to one another: "double event this time", which was thought to refer to the murders of Stride and Eddowes.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-saucy_100-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-saucy-100" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[100]</a></sup> It has been argued that the letter was mailed before the murders were publicised, making it unlikely that a crank would have such knowledge of the crime,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-101" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-101" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[101]</a></sup> but it was postmarked more than 24 hours after the killings took place, long after details were known and being published by journalists and talked about by residents of the area.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-saucy_100-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-saucy-100" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[100]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-102" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-102" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[102]</a></sup></div>
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The "From Hell" letter was received by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lusk" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="George Lusk">George Lusk</a>, leader of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitechapel_Vigilance_Committee" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Whitechapel Vigilance Committee">Whitechapel Vigilance Committee</a>, on <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">16 October</span> 1888. The handwriting and style is unlike that of the "Dear Boss" letter and "Saucy Jacky" postcard.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hell_103-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-hell-103" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[103]</a></sup> The letter came with a small box in which Lusk discovered half of a kidney, preserved in "spirits of wine" (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hell_103-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-hell-103" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[103]</a></sup> Eddowes' left kidney had been removed by the killer. The writer claimed that he "fried and ate" the missing kidney half. There is disagreement over the kidney: some contend it belonged to Eddowes, while others argue it was nothing more than a macabre practical joke.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-104" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-104" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[104]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-105" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-105" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[105]</a></sup> The kidney was examined by Dr <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Horrocks_Openshaw" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thomas Horrocks Openshaw">Thomas Openshaw</a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_London_Hospital" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Royal London Hospital">London Hospital</a>, who determined that it was human and from the left side, but (contrary to false newspaper reports) he could not determine any other biological characteristics.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-106" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-106" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[106]</a></sup> Openshaw subsequently also received <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Openshaw_Letter" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Openshaw Letter">a letter signed "Jack the Ripper"</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-107" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-107" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[107]</a></sup></div>
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Scotland Yard published facsimiles of the "Dear Boss" letter and the postcard on <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">3 October</span>, in the ultimately vain hope that someone would recognise the handwriting.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-108" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-108" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[108]</a></sup> In a letter to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_Lushington" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Godfrey Lushington">Godfrey Lushington</a>, Permanent <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under-Secretary_of_State_for_the_Home_Department" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department">Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department</a>, Charles Warren explained, "I think the whole thing a hoax but of course we are bound to try & ascertain the writer in any case."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-109" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-109" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[109]</a></sup> On <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">7 October</span> 1888, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Robert_Sims" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="George Robert Sims">George R. Sims</a> in the Sunday newspaper<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Referee" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunday Referee">Referee</a></i> implied scathingly that the letter was written by a journalist "to hurl the circulation of a newspaper sky high".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-110" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-110" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[110]</a></sup> Police officials later claimed to have identified a specific journalist as the author of both the "Dear Boss" letter and the postcard.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-111" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-111" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[111]</a></sup> The journalist was identified as Tom Bullen in a letter from Chief Inspector <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Littlechild" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="John Littlechild">John Littlechild</a> to George R. Sims dated <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">23 September</span> 1913.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-112" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-112" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[112]</a></sup> A journalist called Fred Best reportedly confessed in 1931 that he and a colleague at <i>The Star</i> had written the letters signed "Jack the Ripper" to heighten interest in the murders and "keep the business alive".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-113" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-113" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[113]</a></sup></div>
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<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wanted_poster.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Ghastly murder in the East End. Dreadful mutilation of a woman. Capture: Leather Apron" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2023" data-file-width="1571" height="219" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Wanted_poster.jpg/170px-Wanted_poster.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Wanted_poster.jpg/255px-Wanted_poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Wanted_poster.jpg/340px-Wanted_poster.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="170" /></a><br />
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<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wanted_poster.jpg" style="-webkit-user-select: none; background-color: initial; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%2011%2015%22%20width%3D%2215%22%20height%3D%2211%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3Cg%20id%3D%22magnify-clip%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%23000%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cpath%20id%3D%22bigbox%22%20d%3D%22M1.509%201.865h10.99v7.919h-10.99z%22%2F%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cpath%20id%3D%22smallbox%22%20d%3D%22M-1.499%206.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22%2F%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Newspaper broadsheet referring to the killer as "Leather Apron", September 1888</div>
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The Ripper murders mark an important watershed in the treatment of crime by journalists.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-odnb_16-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-odnb-16" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[16]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-w.26b20_114-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-w.26b20-114" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[114]</a></sup> While not the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_killer#History" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Serial killer">first serial killer</a>, Jack the Ripper's case was the first to create a worldwide media frenzy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-odnb_16-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-odnb-16" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[16]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-w.26b20_114-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-w.26b20-114" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[114]</a></sup> Tax reforms in the 1850s had enabled the publication of inexpensive newspapers with wider circulation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-115" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-115" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[115]</a></sup> These mushroomed later in the Victorian era to include mass-circulation newspapers as cheap as a halfpenny, along with popular magazines such as <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Illustrated_Police_News" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The Illustrated Police News">The Illustrated Police News</a></i>, which made the Ripper the beneficiary of previously unparalleled publicity.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-116" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-116" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[116]</a></sup></div>
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After the murder of Nichols in early September, the <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Guardian" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Manchester Guardian">Manchester Guardian</a></i> reported that: "Whatever information may be in the possession of the police they deem it necessary to keep secret ... It is believed their attention is particularly directed to ... a notorious character known as 'Leather Apron'."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-117" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-117" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[117]</a></sup> Journalists were frustrated by the unwillingness of the CID to reveal details of their investigation to the public, and so resorted to writing reports of questionable veracity.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-odnb_16-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-odnb-16" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[16]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-118" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-118" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[118]</a></sup> Imaginative descriptions of "Leather Apron" appeared in the press,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-119" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-119" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[119]</a></sup> but rival journalists dismissed these as "a mythical outgrowth of the reporter's fancy".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-120" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-120" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[120]</a></sup> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pizer" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="John Pizer">John Pizer</a>, a local Jew who made footwear from leather, was known by the name "Leather Apron"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pizer_121-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-pizer-121" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[121]</a></sup> and was arrested, even though the investigating inspector reported that "at present there is no evidence whatsoever against him".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-122" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-122" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[122]</a></sup> He was soon released after the confirmation of his alibis.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pizer_121-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-pizer-121" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[121]</a></sup></div>
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After the publication of the "Dear Boss" letter, "Jack the Ripper" supplanted "Leather Apron" as the name adopted by the press and public to describe the killer.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-123" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-123" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[123]</a></sup> The name "Jack" was already used to describe another fabled London attacker: "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring-heeled_Jack" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Spring-heeled Jack">Spring-heeled Jack</a>", who supposedly leapt over walls to strike at his victims and escape as quickly as he came.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-124" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-124" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[124]</a></sup> The invention and adoption of a nickname for a particular killer became standard media practice with examples such as <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Axeman_of_New_Orleans" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The Axeman of New Orleans">the Axeman of New Orleans</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Strangler" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Boston Strangler">Boston Strangler</a>, and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltway_sniper_attacks" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Beltway sniper attacks">Beltway Sniper</a>. Examples derived from Jack the Ripper include the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Vacher" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Joseph Vacher">French Ripper</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_K%C3%BCrten" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Peter Kürten">Düsseldorf Ripper</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Hardy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Anthony Hardy">Camden Ripper</a>, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackout_Ripper" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Blackout Ripper">Blackout Ripper</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Stripper" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jack the Stripper">Jack the Stripper</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Sutcliffe" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Peter Sutcliffe">Yorkshire Ripper</a>, and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Chikatilo" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Andrei Chikatilo">Rostov Ripper</a>. Sensational press reports, combined with the fact that no one was ever convicted of the murders, have confused scholarly analysis and created a legend that casts a shadow over later serial killers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-125" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-125" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[125]</a></sup></div>
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<a aria-hidden="true" class="mw-headline-anchor" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#Legacy" style="-webkit-user-select: none; background: none; color: #888888; margin-left: -20px; margin-right: 0px; opacity: 0; position: absolute; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; user-select: none; width: 20px;" title="Link to this section">§</a><span class="mw-headline" id="Legacy">Legacy</span></h2>
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The 'Nemesis of Neglect': Jack the Ripper depicted as a phantom stalking Whitechapel, and as an embodiment of social neglect, in a <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punch_(magazine)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Punch (magazine)">Punch</a></i> cartoon of 1888</div>
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The nature of the murders and of the victims drew attention to the poor living conditions in the East End,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-126" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-126" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[126]</a></sup> and galvanised public opinion against the overcrowded, unsanitary slums.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-127" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-127" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[127]</a></sup> In the two decades after the murders, the worst of the slums were cleared and demolished,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-128" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-128" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[128]</a></sup> but the streets and some buildings survive and the legend of the Ripper is still promoted by guided tours of the murder sites.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-129" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-129" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[129]</a></sup> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Bells_(public_house)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ten Bells (public house)">The Ten Bells</a> public house in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_Street,_London" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Commercial Street, London">Commercial Street</a> was frequented by at least one of the victims and was the focus of such tours for many years.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-130" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-130" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[130]</a></sup></div>
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In the immediate aftermath of the murders, and later, "Jack the Ripper became the children's bogey man."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-131" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-131" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[131]</a></sup> Depictions were often phantasmic or monstrous. In the 1920s and 1930s, he was depicted in film dressed in everyday clothes as a man with a hidden secret preying on his unsuspecting victims; atmosphere and evil were suggested through lighting effects and shadowplay.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bloom_132-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-bloom-132" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[132]</a></sup> By the 1960s, the Ripper had become "the symbol of a predatory aristocracy",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bloom_132-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-bloom-132" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[132]</a></sup> and was more often portrayed in a top hat dressed as a gentleman. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Establishment" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The Establishment">The Establishment</a> as a whole became the villain with the Ripper acting as a manifestation of upper-class exploitation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-133" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-133" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[133]</a></sup> The image of the Ripper merged with or borrowed symbols from horror stories, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracula" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dracula">Dracula</a>'s cloak or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Frankenstein" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Victor Frankenstein">Victor Frankenstein</a>'s organ harvest.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-134" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-134" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[134]</a></sup> The fictional world of the Ripper can fuse with multiple genres, ranging from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sherlock Holmes">Sherlock Holmes</a> to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault!_Jack_the_Ripper" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Assault! Jack the Ripper">Japanese erotic horror</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-135" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-135" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[135]</a></sup></div>
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In addition to the contradictions and unreliability of contemporary accounts, attempts to identify the real killer are hampered by the lack of surviving forensic evidence.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-136" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-136" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[136]</a></sup> DNA analysis on extant letters is inconclusive;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-137" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-137" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[137]</a></sup> the available material has been handled many times and is too contaminated to provide meaningful results.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-138" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-138" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[138]</a></sup> There have been mutually incompatible claims that <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_profiling" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="DNA profiling">DNA evidence</a> points conclusively to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Kosminski#DNA_evidence" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Aaron Kosminski">two</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_of_a_Killer:_Jack_the_Ripper%E2%80%94Case_Closed" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Portrait of a Killer: Jack the Ripper—Case Closed">different</a> suspects but the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_method" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Scientific method">methodology</a> of both was criticised.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-139" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-139" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[139]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-140" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-140" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[140]</a></sup></div>
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Jack the Ripper features in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper_fiction" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jack the Ripper fiction">hundreds of works of fiction</a> and works which straddle the boundaries between fact and fiction, including the Ripper letters and a hoax <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diary_of_Jack_the_Ripper" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Diary of Jack the Ripper">Diary of Jack the Ripper</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-141" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-141" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[141]</a></sup> The Ripper appears in novels, short stories, poems, comic books, games, songs, plays, operas, television programmes and films. More than 100 non-fiction works deal exclusively with the Jack the Ripper murders, making it one of the most written-about true-crime subjects.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-whiteway_86-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-whiteway-86" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[86]</a></sup> The term "ripperology" was coined by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Wilson" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Colin Wilson">Colin Wilson</a> in the 1970s to describe the study of the case by professionals and amateurs.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-142" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-142" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[142]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-143" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-143" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[143]</a></sup> The periodicals<i>Ripperana</i>, <i>Ripperologist</i> and <i>Ripper Notes</i> publish their research.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-144" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-144" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[144]</a></sup></div>
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Unlike murderers of lesser fame, there is no waxwork figure of Jack the Ripper at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_Tussauds" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Madame Tussauds">Madame Tussauds</a>' <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Horrors_(Madame_Tussauds)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chamber of Horrors (Madame Tussauds)">Chamber of Horrors</a>, in accordance with their policy of not modelling persons whose likeness is unknown.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-145" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-145" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[145]</a></sup> He is instead depicted as a shadow.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-146" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-146" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[146]</a></sup> In 2006, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_History" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="BBC History"><i>BBC History</i> magazine</a> and its readers selected Jack the Ripper as the worst Briton in history.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-147" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-147" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[147]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-148" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#cite_note-148" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[148]</a></sup></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19506629514561511.post-88980032280478328142015-04-18T12:12:00.000-07:002015-04-18T12:12:00.303-07:00stirling MK! <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hvBhE7Urucw/VSvtW1RFqyI/AAAAAAAAUV0/PZc4f9sB4cM/s1600/resize.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hvBhE7Urucw/VSvtW1RFqyI/AAAAAAAAUV0/PZc4f9sB4cM/s1600/resize.jpg" height="449" width="640" /></a></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19506629514561511.post-72779574960184538442015-04-18T01:35:00.001-07:002015-04-18T01:35:05.406-07:00ghost town<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-60fakVfGNTY/TYT3Z-Gzk3I/AAAAAAAABgU/zImzga8GAc8/s1600/%2521CE%2529nQVgCGk%257E%2524%2528KGrHqF%252C%2521lkE1F390t3UBNS-QdMF7w%257E%257E_12.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" r6="true" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-60fakVfGNTY/TYT3Z-Gzk3I/AAAAAAAABgU/zImzga8GAc8/s640/%2521CE%2529nQVgCGk%257E%2524%2528KGrHqF%252C%2521lkE1F390t3UBNS-QdMF7w%257E%257E_12.jpg" width="488" /></span><span style="color: black; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;">Silver City is the queen of Idaho ghost towns. And while she may be a ghost town during the winter months, in the summer a </span></a><img src="http://playsetaddict.com/000xwt1bdS.jpg" style="text-align: left;" /><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-60fakVfGNTY/TYT3Z-Gzk3I/AAAAAAAABgU/zImzga8GAc8/s1600/%2521CE%2529nQVgCGk%257E%2524%2528KGrHqF%252C%2521lkE1F390t3UBNS-QdMF7w%257E%257E_12.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: black;">combinatioon of weekend visitors and local residents make for a busy community. </span></a></div>
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<img src="http://www.ghosttowngallery.com/ghostsid/silvercityid12.jpg" height="335" id="il_fi" style="padding-bottom: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px;" width="500" /><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left;">During the late 1960's and early 1970's the Dave & Arvilla Mills family began hauling in historic local Kern Valley structures, (many of which were slated for destruction) to the present site in </span><img src="http://thumbs3.ebaystatic.com/d/l225/m/mNTf_KVxu4sW9G-4mKSuNsA.jpg" height="611" style="text-align: left;" width="640" /><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left;">Bodfish. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt;">"Represented in this composite town are over twenty historic buildings (most not visible from Lake Isabella Blvd) from the mining camps of Keyesville, Whiskey Flat, old Isabella, Claraville, Hot Springs, Miracle, Southfork and other local frontier settlements"</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left;"> Silver City was closed for over 15 years until it was purchased by the Corlew family in 1990 and re-opened to the public shortly thereafter. Over the years it had fallen in disrepair and had been "modernized". </span><img src="http://playsetaddict.com/000xwt7wideS.jpg" style="text-align: left;" /><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left;">The Corlew's have logged more than 20,000 man hours of loving restoration work on the site. Many people have donated labor and support (special thanks to Hal Brown and Don and Emily Diggles) and materials to the effort.</span><img src="http://www.lakeisabella.net/silvercity/images/sc1.jpg" height="640" style="text-align: left;" width="480" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt;">It is now operated as a museum to the Kern Valley's long and colorful history. Like Bodie Ghost Town in Northern California, Silver City has adopted a policy of �arrested decay�. Corlew says, �We want to show how local gold outposts may have looked after the gold ran out and the miners moved on, we are not trying to make it look brand new�. Visitors can go inside the original Isabella jail (gunslinger, Newt Walker was locked up here in 1905).</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left;">Owner and local historian J. Paul Corlew is knowledgeable about other settlement sites nearby and will guide Ghost Town argonauts to these remnants of the "Kern Valley Diggin's" rich history.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt;">Many believe that Silver City is haunted by spirits from that past and the site is listed in the �National Directory of Haunted Places�. Which brings to mind the question: Since most of the buildings were moved to the present site over a quarter of a century ago, did the ghost's move with the buildings or move in because it looked like home? Corlew, once a doubting Thomas, heard many stories over the years of poltergeist activity. But it was only after seven years of working on the site that he had his first conclusive sighting. �When you and two other people (all sober!) see a heavy miners lunch pail fly twelve feet across a room unaided you become a believer real quick�, says Corlew. Others have reported bottles floating in the air and doors and windows opening and closing by themselves.</span><img src="http://www.lakeisabella.net/silvercity/images/sc5.jpg" height="640" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: left;" width="480" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt;">The infamous violin hanging in front of the general store sometimes seems to move by itself and many have heard the strings pluck as they walk by, according to Corlew. Reporter Kurt Rivera from Bakersfield�s Channel 17 News (TV) station called Silver City �The most haunted site in Kern County� after he and his television crew spent an eerie night in The Apalatea/Burlando house a few years back.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small; text-align: left;">Take a look at some of the many photos taken at Silver City by visitors and staff alike over the years and decide for yourself...</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small; text-align: left;"> </span><a href="http://www.lakeisabella.net/silvercity/ghost.htm" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: small; text-align: left;">apparition and orb photos</a><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small; text-align: left;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;">In addition, check out Biography Channel�s �My Ghost Story� video which explores decades of alleged hauntings on site in a great 9 minute video available for download on demand see link below.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;">Now open year round: Open 7 days per week 10 AM-4 PM, 5 PM weekends, May 15th through September 14th. Open weekends only 10 AM-4 PM September 15th through May 14th. Often open other days by chance (and anytime by appointment)Open all major holidays except New Years Day, Thanksgiving Day and Christmas Day.</span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19506629514561511.post-84773084434460904572015-04-16T00:54:00.001-07:002015-04-16T00:54:45.639-07:00geronimo<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: helvetica, arial, 'lucida grande', sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">For two decades, Fort Bowie strategically controlled Apache Springs along the Butterfield Trail in the Arizona Territory in its conflict with the Chiricahuas. Gen. George Crook led his cavalry from Bowie and Fort Huachuca for ten months across the Southwest and into Mexico to find Geronimo and negotiate his first surrender in 1885-’86.</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> At the time of European encounter, they, with their close kinsmen of the </span>Tchihende<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> and </span>Ndendahe<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> groups, were living in 15 million acres (61,000 km</span><sup style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.1999998092651px; line-height: 1;">2</sup><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">) of territory in southwestern </span>New Mexico<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> and southeastern </span>Arizona<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> in the </span>United States<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, and in northern </span>Sonora<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><img src="http://www.texasescapes.com/TOWNS/Sonora/SonoraTexasDowntown1898SonoraCofC.jpg" height="410" width="640" /><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">and </span>Chihuahua<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> in </span>Mexico<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">. Today, only two tribes of the Chiricahua Apache located in the United</span><img height="360" src="http://thumbs3.ebaystatic.com/d/l225/m/mSk280dJgd-Azk876xixHvg.jpg" width="400" /><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> States are</span>federally recognized<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">: the </span>Fort Sill Apache Tribe<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, located near </span>Apache, Oklahoma<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">; </span><img alt="Amphlett Brothers Drug and Jewelry Store in Apache" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Amphlett_Brothers_Drug_and_Jewelry_Store.jpg/800px-Amphlett_Brothers_Drug_and_Jewelry_Store.jpg" height="300" width="400" /><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">and the Chiricahua tribe located on the</span>Mescalero<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><img alt="Mescalero Apache Tribal Offices Community Center New Mexico.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Mescalero_Apache_Tribal_Offices_Community_Center_New_Mexico.jpg/800px-Mescalero_Apache_Tribal_Offices_Community_Center_New_Mexico.jpg" height="300" width="400" /><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Apache reservation near </span>Ruidoso,<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Mescalero_tipis.jpg" height="235" width="400" /> New Mexico<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">.</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-VignYSDOqYg/VSlYuISXeBI/AAAAAAAAUVg/iCBdDHNHhcQ/s1600/11081096_10152719411945264_3432374411351331218_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-VignYSDOqYg/VSlYuISXeBI/AAAAAAAAUVg/iCBdDHNHhcQ/s1600/11081096_10152719411945264_3432374411351331218_n.jpg" height="416" width="640" /></a><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">Tsokanende (Chiricahua) Apache division was once led, since the beginning of the 18th century, by chiefs as</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Pisago Cabezon<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">,</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Relles<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">,</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Posito Moraga<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">,</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Yrigollen<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">,</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Tapilà<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">,</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Teboca<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">,</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Vivora<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">,</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Miguel Narbona<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">,</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Esquinaline<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">, and finally</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Cochise<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">(whose name was derived from the Apache word</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span><i style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">Cheis,</i><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">meaning "having the quality of oak") and, after his death, his sons</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Tahzay<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">and, later,</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Naiche<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">, under the guardianship of Cochise's war chief</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Nahilzay<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">, and the independent chiefs</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Chihuahua<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">,</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Skinya<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">and</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Pionsenay<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">; Tchihende (Mimbreño) people was led, during the same period, by chiefs as</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Juan Josè Compa<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">, Fuerte a.k.a.</span>Soldado Fiero<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">,</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Mangas Coloradas<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">,</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Cuchillo Negro<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">,</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Delgadito<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">, Ponce,</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Nana<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">,</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Victorio<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">,</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Loco<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">,</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Mangus<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">; Ndendahe Apache people, in the meanwhile, was led by</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Mahko<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">,</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Mano Mocha<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">,</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Coleto <img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Curry_County_Eastern_New_Mexico_2010.jpg/1280px-Curry_County_Eastern_New_Mexico_2010.jpg" style="text-align: left;" />Amarillo<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">,</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Luis<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">,</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Laceres<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">,</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Felipe<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">,</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Natiza<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">,</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Juh<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">and</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span><i>Goyaałé</i><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">(known to the Americans as Geronimo);</span><img alt="Edward S. Curtis Geronimo Apache cp01002v.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Edward_S._Curtis_Geronimo_Apache_cp01002v.jpg" style="text-align: left;" /><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> after Victorio's death, Nana, Geronimo, Mangus (youngest Mangas Colaradas' son) and youngest Cochise's son</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span><i style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">Naiche</i><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Chief_Naiche.png" style="text-align: left;" /><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">were the last leaders of Central Apaches, and their mixed Apache group was the last to continue to resist</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>U.S. government<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">control of the</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>American Southwest<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">.</span><img src="https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/b5/e5/9e/b5e59eb930e2e321cb6bc50e258872fa.jpg" style="text-align: left;" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">Several loosely affiliated bands of Apache came improperly to be usually known as the Chiricahuas. These included the<i>Chokonen</i> (recte: Tsokanende), the <i>Chihenne</i> (recte: Tchihende), <img src="http://terrykreuzer.com/images/Apache_Bird_Woman_mask.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">the </span><i style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Nednai</i><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> (</span><i style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Nednhi</i><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">) and </span><i style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Bedonkohe</i><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> (recte, both of them together: Ndendahe). Today, all are commonly referred to as Chiricahua, but they were not historically a single band nor the same Apache division, being more correctly identified, all together, as "Central Apaches".</span><img src="http://e-humanity.org/multimedia/nmai/2/12391_NMAI_315952/full/P09901.700x700.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">Many other bands and groups of Apachean language-speakers ranged over eastern Arizona and the American Southwest. The bands that are grouped under the Chiricahua term today had much history together: they intermarried and lived alongside each other, and they also occasionally fought with each other. They formed short-term as well as longer alliances that have caused scholars to classify them as one people.<img height="640" src="https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/1d/df/68/1ddf68986544d60f8a13411171fa4ed9.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" width="469" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">The Apachean groups and the Navajo peoples were part of the Athabaskan migration into the North American continent from Asia, across the Bering Strait from Siberia.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"> As the people moved south and east into North America, groups splintered off and became differentiated by language and culture over time. Some anthropologists believe that the Apache and the Navajo were pushed south and west into what is now New Mexico and Arizona by pressure from other Great Plains Indians, such as the Comanche and Kiowa<img alt="In Summer, Kiowa.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/In_Summer%2C_Kiowa.jpg/640px-In_Summer%2C_Kiowa.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">. Among the last of such splits were those that resulted in the formation of the different Apachean bands whom the later Europeans encountered: the southwestern Apache groups and the Navajo. Although both speaking forms of Southern Athabaskan, the Navajo and Apache have become culturally distinct.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">From the beginning of EuropeanAmerican/Apache relations, there was conflict between them, as they competed for land and other resources, and had very different cultures. Their encounters were preceded by more than 100 years of Spanish colonial and Mexican incursions and settlement on the Apache lands.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">The United States settlers were newcomers to the competition for land and resources in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Southwestern United States">Southwest</a>, but they inherited its complex history, and brought their own attitudes with them about American Indians and how to use the land. By the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the US took on the responsibility to prevent and punish cross-border incursions by Apache who were raiding in Mexico.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">The Apache viewed the United States colonists with ambivalence, and in some cases, enlisted them as allies in the early years against the Mexicans. In 1852, the US and some of the Chiricahua signed a treaty, but it had little lasting effect.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">During the 1850s, American miners and settlers began moving into Chiricahua territory, beginning encroachment that had been renewed in the migration to the Southwest of the previous two decades.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">This forced the Apachean people to change their lives as nomads, free on the land. The US Army defeated them and forced them into the confinement of reservation life, on lands ill-suited for subsistence farming, which the US proffered as the model of civilization. Today, the Chiricahua are preserving their culture as much as possible, while forging new relationships with the peoples around them. The Chiricahua are a living and vibrant culture, a part of the greater American whole and yet distinct based on their history and culture.<img alt="Farny 44.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Farny_44.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">The <b>Apache–Mexico Wars</b>, or the <b>Mexican Apache Wars</b>, refer to the conflicts between Spanish or Mexican forces and theApache peoples. The wars began in the 1600s with the arrival of Spanish colonists in present day New Mexico. War between the Mexicans and the Apache was especially intense from 1831 into the 1850s. Thereafter, Mexican operations against the Apache coincided with the Apache Wars of the United States, such as during the Victorio Campaign.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"> Mexico continued to operate against hostile Apache bands as late as 1915.<b style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Victorio 's War</b><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"><img alt="Victorio Chiricahua Apache Chief.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Victorio_Chiricahua_Apache_Chief.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /></span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, or the </span><b style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Victorio Campaign</b><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, was an </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">armed conflict</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> between the </span>Apache<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> followers of </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Chief</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Victorio<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, the </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">United States</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, and </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Mexico</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> beginning in September 1879. Following his escape from the </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">San Carlos Indian Reservation</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> in <img src="http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/soldier/images/sitec3.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /></span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">southeastern </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Arizona</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, Victorio led a </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">guerrilla war</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> across the </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Southwest</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> and northern Mexico. Many engagements were fought until the </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Mexican Army</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> killed Victorio and defeated his </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">warriors</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> in October 1880. After Victorio's death, Chief </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Nana</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> continued the war into 1881. Following the </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Battle of Cibecue Creek</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">,<img src="http://www.scenicusa.net/images/JN10CibecueCreekPD.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /></span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> in August 1881, Nana and his band joined </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Geronimo</span></span></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19506629514561511.post-90067289782648902432015-04-13T09:59:00.000-07:002015-04-13T10:06:25.692-07:00How the Red army saved Europe<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<img src="http://www.italeri.com/gest/resize.asp?path=6112_tavolaLR.jpg&width=530&height=330" height="399" width="640" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 21.6000003814697px; text-align: justify;">The idea that the United States was the savior of Europe in World Wars I and II is popular in some circles on both sides of the Atlantic, but is demonstrably false.</span><img src="http://i.ebayimg.com/00/s/MTIwMFgxNjAw/z/9yEAAMXQCZ1Tc3Zz/$_57.JPG" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 21.6000003814697px; text-align: justify;"> Between the formal entry of the United States into the Great War in April 1917 and the last German offensive in March 1918, hundreds of thousands of Entente </span><img src="http://i200.photobucket.com/albums/aa229/davidjamesleonard/IMG_5523_zps80ee356d.jpg" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 21.6000003814697px; text-align: justify;">soldiers were killed, mainly British in the summer and autumn of 1917 after the frightful slaughter of the French army in the spring; and in that period of nearly a year, fewer than two hundred Americans died.</span><img src="http://www.italeri.com/imgup/6112_foto_tedeschi_profiloLR.jpg" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 21.6000003814697px; text-align: justify;"> In the course of that war, the Frenchmen killed defending their country were twice as numerous as all theAmericans who have died in every foreign war taken together from 1776 until today. (the soldiers ofgothatone are sold on ebay)</span><img src="http://i.ebayimg.com/00/s/MTIwMFgxNjAw/z/QusAAOSwQJ5URsdz/$_57.JPG" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 21.6000003814697px; text-align: justify;">As a matter of historical fact, the Third Reich was defeated by the Red Army and not by the Western democracies. Even though over one hundred thirty-five thousand American GIs died – a startling figure today – between D day and V-E day, more than ten million Russians were killed.</span><img src="http://www.italeri.com/imgup/6112_foto_T34_profiloLR.jpg" /><br />
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It was Stalin’s blindness to Hitler’s pre-invasion manoeuvres that allowed the Germans to occupy Russia’s industrial heartland at a stroke.To retreat was a crime against the motherland: in 1941 and ’42, according to the historian Dmitri Volkogonov, 157,593 men were executed for “cowardice”.<img src="http://i.ebayimg.com/00/s/MTIwMFgxNjAw/z/AsMAAOSwcu5URsd5/$_57.JPG" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: left;" /></div>
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The Soviets’ contribution to the war effort, which was vast and decisive. In fact it’s even <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">more</em> marvelous what they accomplished, given the handicaps imposed by their leaders. Without the Soviet contribution, the western democracies couldn’t have defeated Hitler’s armies on their own. But could the Soviets, fighting on <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">their</em> own, have defeated Hitler – say, if the democracies had capitulated after the fall of France?<img src="http://i.ebayimg.com/00/s/MTIwMFgxNjAw/z/shEAAOxynwlTcTbp/$_57.JPG" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: left;" /></div>
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Perhaps a better way to compare the effectiveness of the western and eastern armies is not to compare Allied deaths but to compare <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">German</em> deaths. Estimates vary widely, but since I’m looking for a ratio rather than a total, . For military deaths only:</div>
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<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Killed by Soviet Union</strong></td><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Killed by other Allies</strong> <a href="https://orangeraisin.wordpress.com/2010/06/24/did-the-red-army-defeat-the-third-reich/#redarmy3" sl-processed="1" style="color: #bb4411; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[3]</a></td></tr>
<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">2,742,909</td><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">534,683</td></tr>
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The Red Army was roughly 5.5 times as lethal as the other Allied forces combined.<img src="http://i.ebayimg.com/00/s/MTIwMFgxNjAw/z/k28AAOSwofxUfN1C/$_57.JPG" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: left;" /></div>
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The Third Reich was defeated by the Red Army and not by the Western democracies. Germans willingly surrended to the allies rather than fight on against the Red Army as the knew what surrender meant <img src="http://www.italeri.com/imgup/6112_box.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: left;" /></div>
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Germans were much better off on the West front as the figures below show </div>
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<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></td><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Killed in action</strong></td><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Missing</strong></td><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">KIA + missing</strong></td></tr>
<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Eastern front:</strong></td><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">1,105,987</td><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">1,018,365</td><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">2,124,352</td></tr>
<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">West + southwest:</strong></td><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">157,523</td><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">603,695</td><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">761,488</td></tr>
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(These data omit the final months of the war, and also exclude Navy and Air Force deaths.) Note that on Germany’s eastern front the number of confirmed deaths slightly exceeds the number of missing, while in the west and southwest (i.e. western Europe, Italy, and Africa) the number of missing is <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">almost four times</em> the number of confirmed deaths.<img src="http://www.italeri.com/imgup/6112_foto_T34_sfocLR.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: left;" /></div>
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Regardless of how many German soldiers the Soviets killed or captured, they tied up the bulk of the Third Reich’s military capacity. It’s no great achievement to take a German bullet, but that’s one less bullet the Germans have to fire elsewhere. The Red Army held off the Germans at the critical point in the war, allowing the Americans and Brits to get organized and open up a second front.</div>
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Millions of Russians died so that millions of Americans didn’t have to. </div>
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The myth that American GIs dealt Nazism its greatest blow on the cliffs of Omaha Beach is obvious if we understand that DDay would have been a disaster if the red army had not defeated the bulk of the German army.</div>
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<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 21.6000003814697px;">Without Russian fighting power in Europe and in time the United states would have ceased to exist </span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 21.6000003814697px;">would have been purely and simply wiped off the map </span><img src="http://www.italeri.com/imgup/6096_sprue.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: left;" /></div>
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The Americans massive financial help only staved off certain defeat,<span style="line-height: 21.6000003814697px;">the armaments, food, and other assistance supplied to the Allies by the United States under the lend-lease program.But it is will that wins wars and that will manifested itself in the best tanks of WW2 , tanks win wars at least then .If you do not believe this then look at the Italian army wiped off the face of battle because they lacked a tank able to withstand the not so deadly British ones( and British ones were knocked out easily by panzers)</span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19506629514561511.post-62955239596919773312015-04-13T04:49:00.002-07:002021-08-10T15:09:51.186-07:00return to win<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<img src="http://i.ebayimg.com/00/s/MTIwMFgxNjAw/z/qtEAAOxy63FS~18Y/$_57.JPG" /><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><i>"Everything indicates that the enemy will launch an offensive against the western front of Europe, at the latest in the spring, perhaps even earlier...."</i><br />--Adolf Hitler, Directive No. 51, November 3, 1943</span><img src="http://i.ebayimg.com/00/s/MTIwMFgxNjAw/z/sFMAAOxykUZTe9Ht/$_57.JPG" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">From 1941 to 1944 America and its allies pursued the goal of defeating "Germany First." Their strategy rested on a key assumption, ultimately there would have to be a massive invasion of Northwest Europe aimed at the heart of the Axis empire. This would reduce German pressure on the Soviet Union by creating a true "second front" in Europe. Germany would be trapped between the Soviets in the east and the Americans and British in the west.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">By 1943 success on the battlefield and production in the factories made it possible to begin formal planning for this bold operation,the largest amphibious invasion in history. The target date was spring 1944.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">In Berlin, Hitler understood that an invasion would come. Fortification of the coast of Northwest Europe was already underway. In 1943 its pace accelerated and more troops were posted in the west. The Germans expected the invasion in early 1944.</span><img src="http://i.ebayimg.com/00/s/MTIwMFgxNjAw/z/4DEAAOxyu1BTki83/$_57.JPG" /><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> They knew that it would determine the war's outcome. What they did not know was precisely when and where the Allies would strike.</span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This operation is not being planned with any alternatives. This operation is planned as a victory, and that's the way it's going to be. We're going down there, and we're throwing everything we have into it, and we're going to make it a success."</i></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">--General Dwight D. Eisenhower</span><img src="http://i.ebayimg.com/00/s/MTIwMFgxNjAw/z/oxAAAMXQtUxTc3dt/$_57.JPG" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Formal planning for the invasion of Northwest Europe began in 1943. A group led by British General Frederick Morgan searched for the best point along the coast to strike and started drawing up assault plans. In May, at an Allied conference in Washington, D.C., a target date of spring 1944 was set for the long-awaited attack.</span><img src="http://i.ebayimg.com/00/s/MTIwMFgxNjAw/z/A5UAAOxyBotTaUZ8/$_57.JPG" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">In December 1943 a commander for the operation was selected. The choice was an American,General Dwight D. Eisenhower. Eisenhower had directed Allied invasion forces in North Africa and Italy. He took up his new post,Supreme Commander Allied Expeditionary Force,in January 1944. Eisenhower approved of Morgan's selection of the Normandy coast in France as the invasion site, but he increased the size of the assault force. He and his staff then prepared the details of a plan to organize, transport, land, and supply the largest amphibious invasion force in history.</span></span></div>
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<span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="background-color: black; color: white;">The operation was code-named "Overlord." The outcome of the war rested upon its success.</span></div>
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<span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="background-color: black; color: white;">The plan for Operation Overlord entailed landing nine divisions of sea and airborne troops, over 150,000 men, along a 60-mile stretch of coast in just 24 hours.</span></div>
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<span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="background-color: black; color: white;">On D-Day, three airborne divisions, one British and two American, would drop behind the landing beaches. Their job,seize beach exits, capture key transportation and communication points, and block German counterattacks.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Six divisions would assault the five landing beaches. Each beach had a code name. Utah Beach was assigned to the U.S. 4th Division. The US 29th and 1st Divisions would land at Omaha Beach. Further east, the British 50th Division would assault Gold Beach and the Canadian 3rd Division would attack at Juno Beach. The British 3rd Division would take Sword Bea</span><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 1.2rem;">ch.</span></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19506629514561511.post-41334486352833428012015-04-13T00:35:00.002-07:002021-08-10T15:12:17.308-07:00texas across the river<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<img height="400" src="https://www.kshs.org/preserve/graphics/buildings/dodgecitystreet.jpg" width="640" />Almost five years had passed since the gas-lit world of saloons and gambling halls brought Wyatt Earp and Doc Holliday <img src="https://www.movieposter.com/posters/archive/main/129/MPW-64943" />together in Texas. They appear to have enjoyed each other’s company from the outset, but on the night of September 19, 1878, in Dodge City, Kansas, the bond between them was sealed when Doc saved Wyatt’s life in “a scrimmage” with Texas drovers that left one man with a bandaged head and a soldier shot in the leg.</div>
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<span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Wyatt’s gratitude for that night’s work explains much about his friendship with the well-educated but sometimes hot-headed and troublesome Georgian.</span><img alt="Risultati immagini per 54mm cowboy airfix conversions" height="400" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRnd8bjExTOoHktKXPukmrH3oE8vOfTkUe4KFqyGTS4NTMtEbfTxA" width="384" /></div>
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For his part, backing the Earps’ play became Doc’s habit in Tombstone, even before the October 26, 1881 street fight. He and Wyatt did have things in common. They were both gamblers, both fastidious dressers, both men who lived by their wits and their guns, but Doc was the son of good family whose ambitions were thwarted by disease while Wyatt was a would-be entrepreneur determined to improve his lot in the world. Doc fed Wyatt’s need for wit, intelligent conversation, and culture, while Wyatt and his brothers provided Doc with a sense of family and purpose. But the core of their friendship was an absolute and mutual conviction that they could count on one another no matter what.</div>
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<span class="s1" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">In July 2001, co-author Chuck Hornung was in New Mexico, doing research for his book on the New Mexico Mounted Police. One Sunday, he decided to take a break from his labors and join his brother-in-law at Albuquerque’s big weekend flea market. While there, he found a copy of <em style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Miguel A. Otero, Jr., My Nine Years as Governor of the Territory of New Mexico, 1897-1906 </em>(1940) at the bargain price of $7.50. Later, as he was examining his prize, he found in its pages the folded carbon copy of an undated, unsigned letter filled with potentially explosive new data on the Earp vendetta posse of 1882.</span><img height="480" src="http://www.legendsofamerica.com/photos-oldwest/LasVegasNMSaloon400.jpg" width="640" /></div>
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<span class="s1" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">First, the most arresting find in this letter has been the subject of controversy and speculation for decades. Shortly after Wyatt Earp and Doc Holliday arrived in Albuquerque, New Mexico, April 1882, a four-year period in which they had been extremely close came to an abrupt end. In May 1882, newspapers reported that Wyatt and Doc had quarreled in Albuquerque and that Doc and Dan Tipton had left the rest of the posse and proceeded to Trinidad, Colorado. What was the quarrel about? One tale, almost absurd, was told that the two men argued because Wyatt Earp had worn a steel vest at the Iron Springs fight with Curly Bill, and that Doc thought Wyatt should take the same chances as everyone else. A second hypothesis also had to do with the Iron Springs fight. In this explanation, Wyatt was upset that Doc and the other posse members took cover when the shooting began and left Wyatt exposed and fighting alone. A third, more general theory was that Doc got drunk and talked too freely about the events that had recently transpired in Arizona. This letter may finally put this question to rest.</span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Another important issue brought to light is the extent to which the Earps and Holliday had the support not only of local mining and business interests in Tombstone, but also of corporate interests including Wells Fargo and the Santa Fe Railroad. Wells Fargo had made an unprecedented public endorsement of the Earps on March 23, 1882, and rumors would later name Wells Fargo as a player in thwarting the extradition of Doc Holliday back to Arizona from Colorado to stand trial for the murder of Frank Stilwell. Denver newspapers speculated that powerful forces were at work to prevent Holliday’s forced return to Arizona Territory. Who were these forces and how far did their influence reach?</span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The recently discovered letter throws light on both of these questions and more. It follows here in full.</span></div>
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<strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Dear Old Friend,</em></strong></div>
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<strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></em></strong></div>
<div class="p6" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">It was good to hear from you and to learn all is well in Albuquerque. Yes, I knew Wyatt Earp. I knew him to be a gentleman and he held a reputation of being an excellent law officer. I knew the Earp brothers first in Kansas, but did not [see] much [of] them after that time. My father knew them best. I knew Doc Holliday at Las Vegas and told that adventure in My Life on the Frontier [Vol.] I.</em></strong></div>
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<strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">I tired [tried] to help them in their quest to stay in New Mexico following the Tombstone trouble. The Lake book you mentioned [Wyatt Earp, Frontier Marshal] did not relate the matter, Earp and Holliday and some others stayed in Albuquerque a couple of weeks while [New Mexico Governor] Sheldon and the powers of the Santa Fe [Railroad] and Wells Fargo tried to work out some kind of arrangement, [sic]</em></strong></div>
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<strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Earp (Wyatt) stayed at Jaffa’s home and the other boys were around town. Jaffa gave Earp an overcoat from his store, Earp’s had been ruined in a fight with the Cow-boys. I remember that cold wind even today. I do not remember that the boys had much money.</em></strong></div>
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<strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Father sent me to see to the comfort of the Earp posse because his railroad supported the boys. Earp had a long meeting with the president of Wells Fargo, but I can not say about the direction of the talk.</em></strong></div>
<div class="p6" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">One afternoon I drove Earp and Jaffa to the river to see them building the new bridge. Earp remarked how it reminded him of the big bridge at Wichita. Some days later, Earp and Holliday had a falling out at Fat Charlie’s one night. They were eating when Holliday said something about Earp being a Jew boy. Something like Wyatt are you becoming a damn Jew boy? Earp became angry and left. Charlie said that Holliday knew he had said it wrong, he never saw them together again. Jaffa told me later that Earp’s woman was a Jewess. Earp did mu-- (illegible/mezuzah?) when entering his house.</em></strong></div>
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<strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Wells Fargo arranged safety in Colorado and the road gave them passage to Trinidad. I remember that Blonger and Armijo kept watch over the boys. I was able later, when governor, to reward Armijo for that favor to my father. That is all I know about the Earps.</em></strong></div>
<div class="p6" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">My health is not good at present. I spend much time confined to my bed. I am glad you found my new book of interest. My best to the Mrs. and season’s greetings to all.</em></strong></div>
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<strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></em></strong></div>
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<strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Yours sincerely yours,</em></strong></div>
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<span class="s1" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The internal evidence of the letter clearly identifies the writer as Miguel A.( “Gillie”) Otero, Jr., former governor of New Mexico Territory, and the author of four books, including the two which are mentioned in the body of the text, volume one of <em style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">My Life on the Frontier, 1864-1882</em> (1935) and <em style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">My Nine Years as Governor of New Mexico, 1897-1906</em> (1940). As Otero refers to the latter as “my new book” and mentions “season’s greetings,” the letter may reasonably be assumed to have been written in December 1940. This conclusion is supported by a second Otero letter which mentions Wyatt Earp, this one written to Watson Reed, August 17, 1940 (located by Allen Barra in 1998) which appears to have been typed on the same typewriter. Furthermore, the Albuquerque newspapers in 1882 confirm that Gillie Otero was in town while the Earp posse was there.</span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Though the primary focus of the newly discovered letter is Otero’s efforts to help the Earp party “stay in New Mexico,” Otero’s explanation of the quarrel that brought the dynamic Earp/Holliday duo to an end can’t be ignored. Otero’s comments regarding Jaffa and Earp supports his reason for the split—Jaffa was Jewish, and it appears from the letter that while staying in Jaffa’s home, Earp honored Jewish tradition. That Jaffa was a Jew and Wyatt was staying with him while Doc and the others were living in less spacious quarters may have contributed to Doc Holliday’s slur about Wyatt “becoming a damn Jew boy.”</span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Of course, Otero’s letter points to yet another issue which would explain why Wyatt took the remark so seriously. According to Otero, Jaffa told him that “Earp’s woman was a Jewess.” What makes this particularly compelling is the fact that the relationship between Wyatt Earp and Josephine Sarah “Sadie” Marcus in Tombstone was virtually unknown in 1940 when the letter was written, which means that the story had to come from someone with inside knowledge. That the explanation came from Wyatt’s host, who was himself a Jew, suggests that Wyatt discussed his relationship while at the Jaffa home.</span></div>
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Jaffa’s statement also contradicts recent arguments that the relationship between Wyatt and Sadie probably did not become a full-fledged affair until after they left Tombstone. Doc’s comment could have been merely a crude joke, or it could mean that Doc did not approve of Sadie. Doc’s relationship to Sadie is unclear, but while he was under arrest in Denver in May 1882, he said that Sheriff John Behan of Cochise County hated him because of a quarrel in which Doc accused Behan of gambling with money Doc had given Behan’s “woman.” Why Doc would have given money to Josephine Marcus was never explained. Finally, for the record, the proprietor of The Retreat Restaurant in Albuquerque in 1882 was nicknamed “Fat Charlie.”</div>
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<span class="s1" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Another intriguing comment concerns Jaffa’s replacing Earp’s overcoat because his “had been ruined in a fight with the Cow-boys.” This offers supporting evidence for Wyatt Earp’s claims concerning the killing of Curly Bill at Iron Springs. It is also true that, as Otero recounts, the new bridge over the Rio Grande was being constructed at the time the Earp party was in Albuquerque. Construction had begun in 1881, and it was not finished until December 1882.</span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">In addition to the Earp-Holliday split, a major find in this letter is confirmation of widespread support for the Earp party. Otero identifies the parties involved in this effort as Governor Lionel A. Sheldon of New Mexico Territory, the Achison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad, and Wells, Fargo & Co. Young Otero was working on behalf of his father, Don Miguel Antonio Otero, merchant, banker, and member of the board of directors and vice-president of the Santa Fe Railroad. Otero says further that Earp “had a long meeting” with John J. Valentine, general superintendent of Wells Fargo in Albuquerque. He concludes that Wells Fargo “arranged safety in Colorado” for the Earps, and that the Santa Fe Railroad provided the possemen’s passage to Trinidad and safety.</span></div>
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<span class="s2" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Can this letter’s contents be supported by other evidence? First, it is obvious that powerful forces were at work on behalf of the Earps even before they left Arizona. In addition to the official color and support afforded by their status as deputy U.S. marshals, they received financial support from prominent Tombstone businessmen and members of the Citizens Safety Committee, as well as help from the big ranchers and Wells Fargo. After killing Curly Bill, the Earp party found refuge at the Sierra Bonita ranch of Henry C. Hooker. While there, Dan Tipton brought them $1,000 from E.B. Gage, mining man and prominent vigilante; and Lou Cooley, a former stage driver who worked for Hooker and, at times, for Wells Fargo, delivered $1,000 from that company.</span></div>
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Stuart Lake, John Flood and Forrestine Hooker all claimed the Earps made one last visit to Tombstone for a meeting with the Citizens Committee. Hooker says that John N. Thacker of Wells Fargo was present. At that meeting, William Herring, attorney and spokesman for the vigilantes, advised Wyatt to leave Arizona until the furor died down and legal options could be weighed. Afterward, the Earps returned to Hooker’s ranch and made a final sweep of the area looking for Cow-boys before they left the territory. They were aided and abetted by Colonel James Biddle at Camp Grant, who allowed them to slip away although he knew them to be fugitives.</div>
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<span class="s1" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">When Frederick W. Tritle arrived in Arizona Territory early in April to assume the governorship, he visited Tombstone where he stayed with Milton Clapp, one of the leaders of the Citizens Safety Committee, and conferred with William Murray, Tritle’s former business partner and another of the prominent vigilantes. As the<em style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Tucson Citizen</em> reported, Tritle raised a posse to support Deputy U.S. Marshal John Henry Jackson and wired President Chester A. Arthur about “the utter failure of the civil authority and the anarchy prevailing; the international trouble likely to grow out of this cattle thieving along the border, the fact that business is paralyzed and the fairest valleys in the Territory are kept from occupation by the presence of the Cow-boys.”</span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Tritle would be the man who would send defective extradition papers to Colorado seeking the return of Doc Holliday after he was arrested in Denver in May 1882. Moreover, Governor Sheldon of New Mexico had a force in the field after the Cow-boys under Albert Jennings Fountain during the same period as the Vendetta ride. Finally, Wells Fargo’s support of the Earps never wavered. On April 14, 1882, Lou Cooley met John J. Valentine, the general superintendent of Wells Fargo, on the train in Benson. Afterward, Cooley was arrested in Willcox for “aiding and abetting the Earps.”</span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">It appears now, based on the Otero letter, that Valen-tine proceeded directly to Albu-querque after meeting Cooley. The Albuquerque <em style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Evening Review</em>, confirms Valentine was there on April 16 and 17. The Earps reached Silver City, New Mexico, on April 15, took the stage to Deming on April 16, where they caught the train to Albuquerque, arriving that evening. Stuart Lake’s notes at the Huntington Library say that Wyatt was met at the station by Frank McLain (McLean), later Wyatt’s associate on the famous Dodge City Peace Commission, who took them under his wing and later gave Wyatt $2,000. Whether this was a personal loan or McLain was acting on behalf of other individuals or organizations is not clear, but in light of Otero’s statement that he was sent to Albuquerque “to see to the comfort of the Earps,” McLain may well have been an agent.</span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Remarkably, upon arrival in Albuquerque, Wyatt visited local newspapers and promised interviews provided that the papers would not report his presence until after he and his men had left town. Neither the <em style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Morning Journal</em> or the <em style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Evening Review</em> mentioned that the Earps were in town until May 13, 1882, by which time the Earp brothers were in Gunnison, Colorado and Doc Holliday was en route to Denver. <em style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The Journal</em> did deny that it had interviewed Earp, and the smaller Albuquerque newspapers have not been consulted, but the Earps were known to be in town which makes the silence nothing short of remarkable in light of the extent of press coverage of the Earp party’s movements.</span></div>
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<span class="s2" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Otero’s letter offers a clue to how that was accomplished. Henry N. Jaffa, the businessman mentioned by Otero, was the president of New Albuquerque’s Board of Trade, which acted as a quasi-government for the town. Sam Blonger, as marshal of “New Town,” was appointed to that office by the sheriff of Bernalillo County, Perfecto Armijo, and approved by the Board of Trade. The town marshal’s salary was paid by members of the Board of Trade, Jaffa’s organization. Both Blonger and Armijo are mentioned by Otero as keeping watch “over the boys.” Jaffa was a man who could make things happen.</span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The senior Otero’s position with the Santa Fe railroad lends further credence to the notion of brokered power on behalf of the Earps that eventually included the governors of Arizona Territory, New Mexico Territory, and the state of Colorado. Otero specifically states that Wells Fargo arranged “safety in Colorado,” and it is worth noting, in this respect, that Horace A.W. Tabor, mining magnate and lieutenant governor of Colorado, arrived in Las Vegas, New Mexico</span>, the home of the ailing senior Otero, shortly after the Earps departed Albuquerque for Trinidad. Such a deal would also explain Doc Holliday’s public remarks in Colorado that he had already been “pardoned” and his surprise when he was arrested in Denver. Further, it would explain the subsequent efforts brought to bear on Doc Holliday’s behalf in Denver—which were so obvious they caused press comment—and why the Earps were never arrested in Gunnison.</div>
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<span class="s1" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Of course, further research must be done, not only on the substance of the claims in the letter, but also on the provenance of the letter itself before final conclusions can be drawn. Preliminary research substantiates those aspects of the account relating to times, names and places that can be validated from the public record. If the letter holds up under further scrutiny, it confirms that the Earps had the support of powerful organizations and individuals on their Vendetta ride. This support was sustained, in spite of the killings and that eventually thwarted efforts to return them to Arizona. It also suggests that the Vendetta ride was part of something much larger than the Earp-Clanton feud.</span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">In light of other activities going on at the same time in both Arizona and New Mexico, such as Deputy U.S. Marshal Jackson’s operations in southern Arizona and Albert Fountain’s search for Cow-boys in New Mexico, as well as a presidential threat to use the army to restore order in Arizona Territory, these revelations point to a determined federal effort supported (or perhaps instigated) by powerful economic interests (big ranchers, railroads, mining companies, and Wells Fargo) and territorial authorities to suppress lawlessness in the Southwest.</span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">On another level, the Otero letter provides circumstantial evidence supporting the description of the Iron Springs gunfight given by Wyatt, throws new light on the relationship between Wyatt and Sadie, and suggests that the reason that the relationship between Wyatt Earp and Doc Holliday cooled was much more personal than previously believed. Taken together, if the revelations found in this letter hold up under further scrutiny, the letter will have to be considered a major find which fills in important pieces of the Tombstone puzzle. And note: you won’t be the only one with an all-new interest in flea markets.</span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19506629514561511.post-13814179896829924482015-04-13T00:28:00.000-07:002015-04-13T00:28:06.557-07:00Confederate soldiers<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<img src="http://cheddarbay.com/CivilWar/Confederate/shelbytopper.jpg" />When the bell atop Austin’s First Baptist Church began clanging that moonlit Sunday evening of June 11, 1865, the town’s civilian home guardsmen knew it signified trouble, not a call to worship.</div>
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With hundreds of battle-hardened ex-Confederate soldiers swarming the town of 4,000, none of the volunteers were surprised that a need for their services had arisen. But the nature of the emergency would rock the war-weary state.</div>
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Once the Civil War effectively ended with Gen. Robert E. Lee’s surrender on April 9, Texas rapidly descended into near anarchy. One Confederate general refused to lay down his arms: Joseph “Jo” Orville Shelby. Hoping the South might rise again, Shelby and the 400-plus soldiers of his<img src="http://www.oldgloryprints.com/Charge_of_Shelbys_Iron_Brigade.jpg" /><br />
marched toward Austin enroute to Mexico.</div>
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<span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Most Texas officials, unsure if they would be hanged as traitors or merely told to go and sin no more, preferred not to find out and vacated their offices. Only the lieutenant governor (now acting governor) and two financial officials, Comptroller Willis L. Robards and Treasurer Cyrus H. Randolph, opted to stay.</span></div>
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<span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">“...Confederate soldiers, without officers or order, are coming in every hour, and there is nothing but plunder and sack going on—and the citizens are as bad as the soldiers,” Amelia Barr wrote in her diary on May 25. Eight days later, she noted, “Everything in confusion...and there is no law.”</span></div>
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But newly discharged Confederate Cavalry Capt. George Freeman had taken it upon himself to organize a 30-man home guard to help preserve the rule of law in the capital city.</div>
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Shortly before nine, on the night of June 11, Nathan Shelley, a former state attorney general before joining the Confederacy, received word that some 40 armed men had broken into the unguarded state treasury.</div>
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<span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Shelley told Freeman something was afoot. Easing through the shadows toward the Capitol, the two heard metal striking metal from the treasury. Freeman ran to spread the alarm.</span></div>
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Confederate veteran Fred Sterzing heard hurried footsteps followed by someone knocking on the door and yelling that the treasury was being looted. He raced to the Dieterich Building, where the armory occupied the second floor.</div>
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Nineteen volunteers removed rifles from their stacks, fixed bayonets and gathered in formation in front of the building. Freeman led the company to the Baptist church across from the Capitol. At his command, the guardsmen charged toward the three-story limestone state house. Lookouts posted by the bandits fired at them, but no one got hit.</div>
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Freeman’s men entered the Capitol without encountering further resistance. They sprinted to the adjacent treasury. The bandits inside the treasury bailed out the north door, clutching their hats, shirts and tied-off trousers filled with coins.</div>
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Johanna Domschke, who lived across the street from the treasury, heard the sharp reports of rifles and pistols. As she watched, wind raised her apron and a stray bullet punched a hole in the garment, barely missing her. Despite the danger, she stayed outside and observed the bandits as they fled on horseback.</div>
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His men dismounted and outnumbered, Freeman decided not to give chase. He focused on the one intruder who remained inside. Freeman and three men headed for the second floor. He and his brother took one set of stairs; Sterzing and Al Musgrove, the other. The rest of the volunteers surrounded the building.</div>
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When the guardsmen reached the top of the stairs, the man fired at them. Musgrove recalled that the bandit “came...into the hallway. In one hand was his hat filled with silver and his six-shooter in the other.…”</div>
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Musgrove and Sterzing fired back, and one of the bullets hit the robber in the stomach. The man retreated into the vault room. Musgrove stuck his pistol through the door to fire again, but before he could pull the trigger, the man cried, “Don’t shoot…I am mortally wounded.”</div>
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Still covering the man, Musgrove watched as he “came out bent almost double and fell to the floor,” whiskey oozing from his wound.</div>
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<span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Inside the vault room, scattered coins, negotiable bonds and worthless Confederate States of America cash covered the floor. The robbers had used pickaxes to punch holes in the backs of two large safes to get to the money.</span></div>
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<span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Freeman’s men carried the wounded bandit to the former Swisher Hotel, the San Marcos. Musgrove recognized the man as a drunk he had seen in town a few hours earlier. “As he passed me he said, ‘It’s about time for the boys to meet, isn’t it?’” Musgrove recalled, but he had paid no attention to the remark at the time.</span></div>
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Freeman’s company guarded the treasury that night. Shortly after daylight, Freeman led a posse in pursuit of the bandits. The raiders had split into two parties to make following them harder. One trail led northwest, and another ran north. Riding each, all the volunteers found were a few dropped coins.</div>
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Alex Campbell, the gut-shot robber, died hard. While refusing to name his colleagues, to his last breath, he profanely upbraided his fellow bandits as cowards.</div>
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One night, shortly after the raid, someone broke into Sterzing’s room. Awakening to see a man standing over him with a knife, he struggled with the intruder, who escaped. Sterzing snapped off a shot, but missed. The same night, someone found Comptroller Robards bound and gagged. The city feared another attack on the treasury, but nothing more happened.</div>
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Austin not only lacked sufficient law enforcement to keep the peace, it also had no newspaper to report the crime. <em style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The Galveston News</em> later ran an item that noted, “It is the universal belief of the citizens that the robbers...had been waiting to lay blame on Shelby’s men when they arrived there.”</div>
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Freeman wrote to Maj. F.W. Emory in Galveston, telling him that the troops had saved about $30,000 in specie and U.S. coupons, and hundreds of thousands of dollars in liabilities to the state. “This service was voluntary and without expectations of reward,” he declared.</div>
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<span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">A final audit showed the treasury held $1.753 million in railroad bonds, $475,000 in U.S. Treasury bonds, $384,000 in valueless Confederate notes, $90,000 in Comptroller’s certificates, $25,000 in state warrants and $27,525 in specie. A reported $17,000 in coin had been taken, which, based on growth in financial asset to today, would equal $3.18 million.</span></div>
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<span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Until federal troops reached Austin in mid-summer, Freeman’s men continued to guard what remained of the state’s public funds. They also tried to identify the bandits, but no arrests were made.</span></div>
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Some thought it suspicious that Gov. Pendleton Murrah left town with Gen. Shelby soon after the raid, but he probably fled because he feared federal prosecution.</div>
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Shelby vigorously denied that he or his men had participated in the break-in. He threatened to torch the town if residents persisted in spreading that rumor.</div>
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Some suggested Shelby’s men pulled off the robbery on their own. Treasury defender Joe Owens insisted years later that “such was not the case.” He said Shelby’s command had not even reached Austin until the day after the robbery.</div>
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Texas’s oldest cold case remains unsolved on the books, but circumstantial evidence points to John Rapp—a rebel soldier originally from Missouri who had been living in Austin—as the mastermind of the raid.</div>
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<span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">In 1861, Rapp had joined the Confederate Army, with the 5th Regiment of Texas Mounted Volunteers, and taken part in two bloody battles in New Mexico before returning to Texas in the summer of 1862. Rapp’s final discharge came in May 1865, just days prior to the treasury raid. Having been wounded and captured in the war, he may have felt such a strong sense of entitlement that he and his comrades helped themselves to some hard currency.</span></div>
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But in two years, Rapp’s name surfaced in print as a likely suspect. The revelation didn’t become well known until 1897, when Shelby’s death prompted some newspapers to publish excerpts from a sensational and largely inaccurate account of the general’s career, written in 1867 by his adjutant, John N. Edwards. Edwards claimed Shelby’s men, not Freeman’s volunteers, had mitigated the treasury raid. That falsehood riled Freeman and others who had risked their lives that night. Freeman wrote the Galveston newspaper to blast Edwards, and so did Owens.</div>
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Owens indirectly suggested the raid had been led by Rapp, who Edwards had mentioned in his book: “...some thirty or forty Texans from the neighborhood of the town—led by a notorious Captain Rabb <em style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[sic]</em>—made a furious sledge-hammer and cold-chisel onslaught upon five large iron safes in the treasury house there....”</div>
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<span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">No one outright said Rapp was the ringleader. But one of Freeman’s men reported that a raider had called out to Rapp by name during the melee following the discovery that the treasury was being robbed. The woman who nearly got shot during the raid said she recognized Rapp among the bandits.</span></div>
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<span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Another person who may have been involved in the robbery became one of the Old West’s most noted characters—gambler, gunman and gadabout Ben Thompson. Near the end of the Civil War, Thompson had recruited a company of men to protect the Texas settlements from hostile Indians. Rapp became captain, and Thompson became his lieutenant.</span></div>
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Thompson disappeared from Austin immediately after the raid. Returning in July, he soon got arrested for another offense, but escaped and fled to Mexico.</div>
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Further bolstering the belief that the two had participated and even led the treasury robbery, Alex Campbell, the raider killed in the robbery, had been a member of the Rapp-Thompson company.</div>
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<span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">As for the 19 heroes, in 1909, the Texas House adopted a resolution extending thanks to the defenders of the state treasury that summer night 43 years earlier. One hundred fifty years after the robbery, the State of Texas is still short $17,000, nearly $3.2 million today.</span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19506629514561511.post-66011853092251410822015-04-07T16:42:00.000-07:002015-04-07T16:42:40.207-07:00bunch<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 22px;">ford and Paul Newman.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Pointer argued that Cassidy, whose given name was Robert LeRoy Parker, sur</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Who was the Wild Bunch? What crimes can be attributed to the gang? And who participated in those crimes? These questions defy simple answers.</span>William Cruzan</span><img height="640" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR3Ve0B0BPfYcynRchFqvagCaqFFb7_tz883rGLUaVEz06hPiE8" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: normal;" width="640" /><img src="https://fbcdn-sphotos-b-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-xap1/v/t1.0-9/11082611_10152705213125264_2558436930768917016_n.jpg?oh=d58ebce85bb034098566239b08fe8c31&oe=55B71078&__gda__=1437373485_670158648456ce3316289f810cefcfce" style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: normal;" /><br />
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Take the last: Who participated in the gang’s crimes? The bandits almost always escaped, which makes identifying them difficult.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Eyewitnesses are unreliable at best, and they are especially dodgy regarding masked perpetrators. Witnesses to Wild Bunch crimes disagreed on descriptions, even on how many bandits were involved. Those indicted were usually acquitted. So how can we, a century later, determine the truth? We can only try.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">On June 24, 1889, Butch Cassidy, Matt Warner and Tom McCarty (abetted by others, perhaps including Bill Madden and Butch’s brother, Dan Parker) robbed the San Miguel Valley Bank in Telluride, Colorado,<img src="http://www.camelsgarden.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/telluride-town-center.jpg" /> of around $20,000. Considering that trio as the root of the Wild Bunch, we can fold in later crimes in which they participated.<img src="http://www.franksrealm.com/Indians/Outlaws/The%20Wild_Bunch.jpg" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Tom McCarty and Matt Warner along with Tom’s brothers Bill and George, his nephew Fred, his brother-in-law Hank Vaughan, and George’s wife Nellie staged about 10 holdups in Oregon, Washington and Colorado between 1890 and 1893. The outlaws’ tastes were catholic: They hit trains, banks, casinos and stores. <img src="http://www.gjsentinel.com/images/photos/imgkit_sized/122214_FD_Delta_Main_Street_1893_600x400.jpg" />The gang dissolved after Fred and Bill died during an 1893 attempt on the Farmers and Merchants Bank in Delta, Colorado.<img src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-HZVXbqQ-Gv4/U2ujgKKvuMI/AAAAAAAAMcg/89QEHmM_6Mc/s1600/25.jpg" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The Rocky Mountain branch of the Wild Bunch made an inauspicious start on November 29, 1892, near Malta, Montana, when three men—probably the Sundance Kid, Harry Bass and Bill Madden—held up the Great Northern No. 32 and netted less than $100. Bass and Madden were caught and implicated Sundance, who had escaped.<img src="http://www.crusaderminiatures.com/images/ccw003.jpg" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Butch Cassidy’s outlaw career resumed in 1896, after a two-year prison term for horse theft. On August 13, he, Elzy Lay and Bub Meeks robbed Idaho’s Bank of Montpelier<img height="403" src="data:image/jpeg;base64,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" width="640" /> of $7,165. The money went to attorneys defending Matt Warner for murder. <img src="http://i49.photobucket.com/albums/f263/neslogiarc/2nd%20Annual%20IAMC%20Ride%209-2009/Montpelier1896.jpg" height="407" width="640" />On April 21, 1897, Butch, Lay and perhaps Meeks and Joe Walker stole a $9,860 mine payroll in Castle Gate, Utah.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">On June 28, 1897, six bandits flubbed a holdup of the<img src="http://www.wyomingtalesandtrails.com/bellefourcheund.jpg" height="412" width="640" /> Butte County Bank in Belle Fourche, South Dakota. Tom O’Day <img src="http://img.photobucket.com/albums/v104/AndersHeintz/Blog%20Pics/aaro_1.jpg" />was caught hiding in a saloon privy. His cohorts included Walt Punteney, George “Flat Nose” Currie, Harvey Logan <img src="http://thumbs1.ebaystatic.com/d/l225/m/mk7CTGlsv1FJnDGNpA7_2gg.jpg" height="296" width="400" />(making his debut in the Wild Bunch) and Sundance. Butch may have participated, but it’s doubtful. The bungling bandits got $97. O’Day was tried and acquitted; Punteney was arrested, but the charges were dropped.<img src="http://www.truewestmagazine.com/jcontent/images/stories/NovDec-2002/NOV02-Wild-Bunch-slideshow/Blackjack-duotone.jpg" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Butch’s reputation outpaced his criminal record. In a story headlined “King of the Bandits,” a Chicago daily declared in early 1898 that “Butch Cassidy is a bad man.” Not just any bad man, but “the worst man” in Utah, Colorado, Idaho and Wyoming, the leader of a gang of 500 outlaws “subdivided into five bands.”</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">On July 14 that year, a trio of bandits, said to have been Sundance, Logan and Currie (though they were never identified), held up the Southern Pacific No. 1 near Humboldt, Nevada, <img src="https://familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/images/d/d9/800px-Santa_Rosa_Range,_NV_2008.jpg" />escaping with $450. Two other men were tried for the holdup and acquitted.<img height="392" src="https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSjrELg6Z6z-8VrXooU1QKq9UuwjLDu43wFXvZitCK2S3jPTuEzyQ" width="640" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The Humboldt threesome struck again on April 3, 1899, robbing a saloon in Elko, Nevada,<img src="http://elkorose.schopine.com/elkopics/elko1950s.jpg" /> of several hundred dollars. The Wild Bunch holding up saloons? Maybe not. (Unsolved crimes are <img src="http://thumbs.ebaystatic.com/d/l225/m/m5fmOQNqZux7vP9BYyZAx7A.jpg" height="477" width="640" />often attributed to famous outlaws.) Three local cowboys were tried for the robbery and acquitted.<img src="http://www.summitpost.org/images/original/321595.jpg" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Meanwhile, other outlaws were roaming the Southwest. Three Texas delinquents, Tom “Black Jack” Ketchum, Dave Atkins and Will Carver, held up a Southern Pacific train near Lozier, Texas,<img height="480" src="https://c1.staticflickr.com/5/4149/4985497497_a91478887a.jpg" width="640" /> on May 14, 1897, taking upwards of $42,000. Reinforced by Tom’s brother, Sam, and possibly Bruce “Red” Weaver, they robbed the Gulf, Colorado & Santa Fe No. 1<img src="http://www.railswest.com/images/atsflagrandestations.jpg" height="403" width="640" /> on September 3, 1897, of several thousand dollars. Weaver was later tried for the crime and acquitted.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="s1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Success bred carelessness. On December 9, 1897, five bandits, probably the Ketchum brothers, Carver, Atkins and Edward H. Cullen, attempted to rob the Southern Pacific No. 20 near , but met a fusillade from armed guards. Cullen was killed; the other four, though wounded, escaped. Unchastened, four men—probably the Ketchum brothers and perhaps Carver and Ben Kilpatrick—robbed the Texas Pacific No. 3 at Mustang Creek, Texas, </span><img height="425" src="https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTbNjpQn-WWSCk_pALtQYrd7w1ELCuyiFIH-GtWg1pbdVAElRupVg" width="640" />on July 1, 1898, grabbing between $1,000 and $50,000 in cash. (Victims were not forthcoming about how much was stolen. Sometimes employees pocketed overlooked money and included it in the amount said to have been taken by the bandits. At other times, initial accounts lowballed the sums, and the truth came out decades later.)<img src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/08/02/article-2182753-1458D51D000005DC-525_634x423.jpg" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Elzy Lay joined the gang just in time for its train-robbing blitz to come to a bloody halt. On July 11, 1899, Sam Ketchum, Lay and Carver overpowered the crew of the Colorado & Southern No. 1 and galloped off with some $30,000. (Weaver, thought to have been standing guard nearby, separated from the others.) After the holdup, the three principals were surprised by a posse. When the dust settled, one posse member was dead and two were wounded, one mortally; Sam Ketchum was <img src="http://users.hal-pc.org/~berrys/72samuel_k.gif" />mortally wounded; Lay was wounded and later captured; and Carver escaped. (Some say the third bandit was Harvey Logan, not Carver.)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Tom Ketchum, meanwhile, picked an inauspicious moment to launch a solo career<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/KetchumHanging.JPG/220px-KetchumHanging.JPG" height="640" width="541" />. On August 16, 1899, he attempted holding up the Colorado & Southern No. 1 near Folsom, New Mexico, but was shot, captured, tried, convicted and hanged.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">These calamities should have been a lesson to Carver and Kilpatrick, but they merely moved north and joined the Wild Bunch proper.below doolin<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Doolinbody.png" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="s2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The first crime that consolidated what was left of the various gangs was the June 2, 1899, robbery of the Union Pacific Overland Flyer No. 1 near Wilcox, Wyoming. </span><img height="504" src="https://wyostatearchives.files.wordpress.com/2014/06/epperson-neg-808-interior-of-rail-car-after-wilcox-train-robbery-june-18991.jpg?w=500" width="640" /></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span class="s2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span><span class="s2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">This holdup, which yielded between $3,400 and $50,000, made the Hole-in-the-Wall Gang nationally famous. “They were lawless men who have lived long in the crags and become like eagles,” averred the <em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">New York Herald</em>. Yet we can’t place Butch or Sundance at the scene with any precision. Witnesses reported six masked men; most historians count George Currie, Harvey Logan, his brother Lonnie Logan and their cousin Bob Lee among them.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="s1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The lawless eagles swept down again on August 29, 1900, robbing the Union Pacific Overland Flyer No. 3 near Tipton, Wyoming, </span><img src="http://pix.epodunk.com/IA/ia_tipton01.jpg" height="409" width="640" />of between $55.40 (the initial account) and $55,000 (a later report). The five bandits included Butch and probably Sundance and Harvey Logan. Also suspected were Ben Kilpatrick, Tom Welch and Billy Rose. Tipton was the first crime in which Butch and Sundance are generally agreed to have teamed up. They were just six months from fleeing the country.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Three weeks later, on September 19, three or four bandits struck the First National Bank in Winnemucca, Nevada, <img src="http://www.winnemucca.nv.us/images/interior_main_photo_accommodations.jpg" />collecting between $32 and $40,000. Sundance, Carver and Logan are thought to have participated, but some suspected local miscreants, and others called it an inside job. The bank’s head cashier, George Nixon, at various times agreed and disagreed that Butch was present. A few years later, a newspaper recounted a conversation in which Sundance supposedly disclosed that he, Butch and Carver were responsible. Stories that the bandits had camped near Winnemucca as early as September 9, however, have prompted researchers to question whether Butch could have been at both Tipton and Winnemucca, 600 miles apart.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Butch and Sundance left for Argentina in February 1901. Today popularly considered the leaders of the Wild Bunch, they had teamed up on only two or three robberies. As crime sprees go, it was not much of a run. Their colleagues sputtered on, but within a couple of years most were dead or in jail.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">On July 3, 1901, what was left of the gang on North American soil attacked the Great Northern Coast Flyer No. 3 near Wagner, Montana, fleeing with about $40,000. There were four to six bandits, including Harvey Logan, Ben Kilpatrick and O.C. Hanks.<img src="http://www.toymania.com/334archives/butch/hanks.jpg" /> Kilpatrick and Logan went to prison for passing bank notes from the holdup, and Hanks died the next year in a confrontation with authorities in Texas.<img alt="Carded O.C. Hanks" src="http://www.toymania.com/334archives/butch/hanks_carded.jpg" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="s1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Logan, who had escaped from jail in 1903, rounded up two friends, probably from Ketchum territory,</span><img alt="Sundance Kid" src="http://www.toymania.com/334archives/butch/sundance.jpg" /><span class="s1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> for what would be his farewell appearance,</span><img alt="Carded Sundance Kid" src="http://www.toymania.com/334archives/butch/kid_carded.jpg" /><span class="s1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> the botched holdup of the Denver & Rio Grande near </span><img alt="Loose Butch" src="http://www.toymania.com/334archives/butch/butch.jpg" />Parachute, Colorado,</span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img src="http://www.garfield-county.com/economic-development/images/parachute-colorado.jpg" height="426" width="640" /> on June 7, 1904. Wounded and cornered, Logan committed suicide. The list of possible accomplices is long, but George Kilpatrick (Ben’s brother) and Dan Sheffield are high on it. George is thought to have been mortally wounded, although his body was never found.<img alt="Carded Butch" src="http://www.toymania.com/334archives/butch/butch_carded.jpg" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The northern hemisphere’s Wild Bunch was kaput, except for one footnote. Ben Kilpatrick, released from prison in 1911, joined former cellmate Ole Beck to rob the Galveston, Harrisburg & San Antonio No. 9 near Sanderson, Texas, <img src="http://ww1.hdnux.com/photos/07/41/57/1973200/3/622x350.jpg" height="640" width="471" />on March 13, 1912. Quick-witted Wells Fargo messenger David Trousdale fatally bludgeoned Kilpatrick with an ice mallet, borrowed his rifle, and dropped Beck.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">So, what was the Wild Bunch? Between the late 1880s and early 1900s, there were several gangs, comprising several dozen outlaws, who are part of the Wild Bunch story. The McCarty-Warner and Ketchum Gangs had more coherence than the Rocky Mountain Wild Bunch, perhaps because they<img alt="Cafe" src="http://www.toymania.com/334archives/butch/cafe2.jpg" /> were family based. All the bandits put together committed or attempted more than two dozen <img alt="Western Cafe" src="http://www.toymania.com/334archives/butch/cafe.jpg" />holdups. They probably didn’t do some they’ve been blamed for, and they probably pulled others they’ve never been accused of.<img alt="Carded Horse" src="http://www.toymania.com/334archives/butch/bluff_carded.jpg" height="640" width="460" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Of the approximately 20 outlaws who can be counted in the Rocky Mountain Wild Bunch during its heyday, the 1896-1901 Montpelier to Wagner era, few participated in crimes together more than a couple of times, and the gang’s holdups in that period numbered a scant five to seven. Butch and Sundance—surprisingly, given their later iconic status as a joined-at-the-holster outlaw duo—teamed up in the United States no more than three times. If they hadn’t gone to South America and died together, the 1969 movie would never have been made, nor this article written.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 22px;">“</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 22px;">In Search of Butch Cassidy” made the case that Cassidy and his partner, the Sundance Kid, were not killed in 1908 in a shootout with a Bolivian cavalry troop — the fate that was etched into the popular imagination by the movie starring Robert Red</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">vived the shootout, returned to the United States and lived peacefully in Spokane, Wash.<img src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-NULQdPNczNk/T8wJqbZR8DI/AAAAAAAAABA/BLCD16TZnzE/s1600/SpokanePic2010-Full.jpg" />, under the alias William T. Phillips until his death in 1937.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Pointer’s book did well. It was published by the prestigious University of Oklahoma Press, was translated into Spanish and Japanese, sold something like 30,000 copies and remains in print.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Now living in Billings, Pointer recently published a second book on Butch Cassidy. This one might be even more provocative — and it turns Pointer’s earlier theories about Butch Cassidy on their head.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The new book consists of the complete manuscript “The Bandit Invincible: The Story of Butch Cassidy,” written by William T. Phillips, with extensive notes and an introduction by Pointer.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">When Pointer wrote his earlier book, he had access only to an abridged version of that manuscript. His reading of the abridged version, and his other research, had convinced Pointer that Phillips was actually Butch Cassidy, and that he was telling his own life story in “The Bandit Invincible.”</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">But his study of the complete manuscript, and his study of photographs of Cassidy and some of his associates, threw all of his previous theories into confusion. Previously, he thought Cassidy looked enough like Phillips to convince him they were one and the same man.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Then, last August, he obtained a photo of an associate of Butch Cassidy by the name of William T. Wilcox.<img src="http://bloximages.chicago2.vip.townnews.com/billingsgazette.com/content/tncms/assets/v3/editorial/0/d1/0d1a0076-8514-5c91-aa85-2d0a2d211fc1/4fa0cc56389e8.preview-620.jpg" /> Wilcox, he realized, was actually the same person as Phillips, and Phillips was not Cassidy.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Also, the complete manuscript contained numerous descriptions of robberies and other exploits supposedly involving Butch Cassidy at a time when Cassidy not only wasn’t in the state in question, but was already in South America.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Pointer no longer has a firm opinion on the fate of Butch Cassidy, but his suppositions come down to this: He thinks Wilcox was in prison in Laramie, Wyo., with Robert LeRoy Parker, and Parker was then using the alias George Cassidy.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Somehow, Pointer said, Parker and Wilcox both started using the alias Butch Cassidy, perhaps to throw off the authorities. And when Wilcox/Phillips sat down to write “The Bandit Invincible,” Pointer believes, he actually narrated a dual biography of himself and the Butch Cassidy known to history, blending elements of both their lives in the tale.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">It’s complicated and confusing, as Pointer is the first to admit. But history consists of the information available at any given time, and his new book, which offers Phillips’ long-lost manuscript to the world, doesn’t so much answer questions as open up new lines of inquiry.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Pointer is a native of Sheridan, Wyo., and when the movie “Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kind” came out in 1969, he was living in Lander, Wyo., where he taught life sciences and coached the rodeo team at Central Wyoming College.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">He started hearing from locals that the movie was lots of fun but mostly hogwash. Many people, Pointer said, talked matter-of-factly about how Cassidy often came back to the Lander area to visit old friends long after his supposed demise in Bolivia.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">One of Pointer’s students said his grandmother was an old girlfriend of Butch Cassidy, and she had talked of his coming to see her in the 1930s. All that talk fired Pointer’s imagination, and it led to his first book.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Pointer’s research brought him into contact with James K. Dullenty, a reporter who wrote an investigative series on William T. Phillips for the Spokane Daily Chronicle. It was Dullenty who was given the abridged manuscript of “The Bandit Invincible,” provided by a longtime friend of Phillips, and Dullenty allowed Pointer to use the manuscript for his first book on Butch Cassidy.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Pointer wasn’t planning to write another book about Cassidy. He switched from teaching college to working for the government, first for the Bureau of Land Management and then the National Park Service, from which he retired in 1997. He also wrote a few more books, including a work on the painter Harry Jackson and a book called “Rodeo Champions.”</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Meanwhile, in Provo, Utah, Brent Ashworth, a collector of antiquarian books and Western memorabilia, had become infatuated with Butch Cassidy after reading Pointer’s first book in 1988. Over the years he amassed a sizable collection of materials related to Cassidy and his Hole in the Wall Gang.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Like Pointer, Ashworth was aware that at some point the manuscript of “The Bandit Invincible” had been condensed from a 900-page original. Then, in 2009, Ashworth punched in the title of the manuscript on the Internet — and up popped an offer to sell the long-lost work on eBay.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Ashworth bought the manuscript — it was typed, and its 220 pages jibed with the length of the 900-page handwritten original — for an undisclosed price from the family of a deceased book dealer. The dealer supposedly bought the manuscript from Phillips’ widow, and the whole thing was typed on the backside of W.T. Phillips General Machine Work stationery.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Ashworth eventually got a hold of Pointer for help in authenticating the manuscript, and in 2011 Ashworth turned over a copy of the manuscript to Pointer to prepare for publication. He also gave Pointer access to his entire Cassidy collection.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Pointer and his wife, Dotti, put in countless hours preparing the manuscript for publication, starting with a word-by-word comparison of the abridged manuscript and the complete version. Then they had it typed up exactly as written, to preserve its authenticity.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Proofreading was doubly hard. Larry and Dotti Pointer not only wanted to catch mistakes, but also to preserve those “mistakes” present in the manuscript. When that job was complete, Pointer worked on the notes for each chapter, in which he provided history, context and clarification for Phillips/Wilcox’s narrative. He worked on the notes from last October to December.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“It was 100 percent of my life, 24 hours a day,” he said.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Although his previous books had all been released by publishers, Pointer self-published this book. He’d had a world of trouble with editors on his rodeo book, he said, and this time he wanted “complete editorial control.”</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">He acknowledges that there are “some big gaps and holes” in the story of Butch Cassidy and Phillips/Wilcox, and he doesn’t pretend to have solved any mysteries by publishing the full text of “The Bandit Invincible.” He just wanted to get it out into the world, giving other people the materials to continue unraveling the mystery.<img src="http://www.outpostwargameservices.co.uk/images/Web%20Photos/pw/PWB3.JPG" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“I think this is the discovery of all time for this subject,” Pointer said. Even so, he added, “For me, this is just a ribbon-cutting for future researchers.”<span style="line-height: 18.3600006103516px;">In 1991, a grave in San Vicente, Bolivia, was dug up said to contain the remains of Butch and his sidekick, Harry Longabaugh - the Sundance Kid. DNA testing revealed the bones weren't the outlaws, but Buck, a writer who lives in Washington, D.C., said his research proved the two indeed died in a shootout with Bolivian cavalry in 1908.</span></span><br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19506629514561511.post-87335623307071735472015-04-05T07:27:00.000-07:002015-04-05T10:07:03.302-07:00vengeance<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<img src="https://www.kshs.org/portraits/graphics/quantrill_william.jpg" style="background-color: transparent;" />William Quantrill addressed his<img src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ygVx-JHvakk/U88R5uEzKjI/AAAAAAAAk5o/oUn6jpRlLcs/s1600/001.JPG" style="background-color: transparent;" /> ragtag army on the evening of August 20, 1863. “Boys, this is a hazardous ride, and there is a chance we will all be annihilated.”<img src="http://www.dixon-minis.com/images/quantrlls%202%20001.jpg" height="460" style="background-color: transparent;" width="640" /></div>
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A few men slunk away, but the rest rode through the night with their 25-year-old commander. Their mission—vengeance.</div>
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Not long before, military commander Thomas Ewing Jr.<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Gen-TEwingJr.jpg/220px-Gen-TEwingJr.jpg" style="background-color: transparent;" /> had taken several of Quantrill’s female relatives prisoner, housing them in a makeshift jail. On August 14 the building collapsed, killing five and injuring several others. Quantrill, convinced the deaths were no accident, was livid.<img src="http://worldonline.media.clients.ellingtoncms.com/img/photos/2011/04/27/only_mass_st_t625x625.jpg?36625162b648365af2338930b9abad56a3d4766c" style="background-color: transparent;" /></div>
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Shortly after sunrise on August 21, the mob of nearly 450 men reached Lawrence. After smashing a camp of the 14th <img height="614" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQUh3cSS5gkcto7ncTFu3SuyFRX965bERFKaVy7gjmVflDiGp3X" style="background-color: transparent;" width="640" />Kansas Regiment, Quantrill led the main body of his guerrillas down Massachusetts Street<img src="https://www.planning.org/greatplaces/streets/2010/gallery04/image01.jpg" style="background-color: transparent;" /> to the Eldridge House. The provost marshal of Kansas, a guest there, surrendered the hotel. Quantrill accepted, then ordered <img src="http://i125.photobucket.com/albums/p56/The1stLt/BugleandGuidon2086.jpg" style="background-color: transparent;" />his men to take the city, wheeling his horse as he cried out: “Kill! Kill and you will make no mistake!<img src="https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/41/fd/e0/41fde0198d23bb4088a62b95840a93e7.jpg" /> Lawrence should be thoroughly cleansed, and the only way to cleanse it is to kill! Kill!”<img src="http://www.legendsofamerica.com/photos-kansas/LawrenceMassSt1908.jpg" /></div>
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The massacre was on. The brutality, carnage and devastation can hardly be imagined. Nearly 200 <img src="https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/f1/c5/d3/f1c5d35f6634a4cf0906377960b07659.jpg" />men—representing around 20 percent of the male population of Lawrence—were killed during the attack, many murdered in front of their <img src="http://www.dixon-minis.com/images/quan6.jpg" />families. Dozens of homes and businesses were burned to the ground. By the time it was over, the city had 85 new widows and about 250 fatherless children.<img height="640" src="https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT-VVaS_GZITSwX9gmcsGl2sQOPavLWigu5AQpR4Hn_v8nGNWmU" width="450" /></div>
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Lawrence had been founded nearly a decade earlier by settlers from the New England Emigrant Aid<img height="379" src="http://thomaslegion.net/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/.pond/quantrill_grave.jpg.w300h178.jpg" width="640" /> Company, determined to see the territory enter the Union as a Free State.<img src="https://queencityma.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/haverhill.jpg" /> From its inception, the town was a hotbed of abolitionist sentiment. But clashes occurred all along the Kansas-Missouri <img src="http://www.dixon-minis.com/images/acwc32.jpg" height="640" width="588" />border area. In 1856, John Brown led an attack on Missouri raiders at the Battle of Black Jack.<img src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hxES0B5zqYE/UsjqkACBTBI/AAAAAAAAYTs/Wjmmeu-eWVM/s400/2014-01-04005_zpsb7d631e4.jpg" /> As this was the first armed conflict between abolitionist and pro-slavery forces, some historians maintain that this was the real beginning of the Civil War.<img src="https://fbcdn-sphotos-d-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-xpf1/v/t1.0-9/11008545_10152705168400264_7241057013679616028_n.jpg?oh=63c6f52dd50405216684cc8f3bba19a5&oe=559BA072&__gda__=1437918733_d74ddb43ef2103ffc2e6cb438f3acae1" /></div>
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The assault on Lawrence didn’t end the way the Quantrill’s Raiders expected. “Rather than scaring people into heading back East, the raid actually strengthened the resolve of the people living here,” says Julie McPike, managing director of Freedom’s Frontier National Heritage Area, which oversees historical sites in 41 counties along the Kansas-Missouri border.</div>
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“The town was founded by hardy abolitionist settlers, and they didn’t take the Quantrill Raid sitting down,” notes Keith Manies, assistant manager of the Lawrence Visitor Information Center. “If anything, it made them more determined to rebuild.”</div>
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And rebuild they did, aided by the arrival of the rail lines in 1864 and 1867. Lawrence’s population, which had been 1,645 in 1860, soared to 8,320 by 1870.</div>
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Today’s Visitor Information Center, located in Lawrence’s restored Union Pacific depot, holds a slew of exhibits on the Border War. The center also offers several tours, one along the route of Quantrill’s Raid, others on segments of the Oregon and Santa Fe Trails.</div>
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Much of the town’s post-raid, 19th-century architecture has been preserved in the Old West Lawrence Historic District. The Plymouth Congregational Church, which stands nearby, has been described as a “vision of spires, buttresses and stained glass.”</div>
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Even now the city’s seal shows a Phoenix rising from the ashes. “People here were very proud of that heritage back then, and still are today,” Manies says. “The Raid has been a rallying point for the town for 150 years.”</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19506629514561511.post-19517928848007774362015-04-03T15:47:00.005-07:002015-04-03T17:35:42.505-07:00Comanche Jack <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">As a renowned frontier scout, he was known as “Comanche Jack” and “Wildcat Jack.” The Comanches referred to him as “Whirlwind of the Prairies.” His full, given name was Simpson Everett “Jack” Stilwell, and he made his name at the Battle of Beecher Island, in 1868, where he and his fellow scouts fought Roman Nose and his Cheyenne warriors to a standstill.</span><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-guqd7EmHtHA/VR8xtnbsOLI/AAAAAAAAUVM/a_Ny9U9Mwhk/s1600/USCAVALRY3.jpg" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> Surviving numerous charges, Maj. George A. Forsyth sent Stilwell and another scout to get reinforcements. Crawling out through the Indian lines, the two scouts managed to make it by hiding in the carcass of two dead buffalos, where a rattlesnake had also taken up residence. Stilwell famously spit tobacco juice in the snake’s eyes and avoided detection. He lived out his life as a deputy U.S. marshal and later a police judge in Oklahoma. He died in Cody, Wyoming, in 1903 at the age of 52.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><img src="http://www.joycetice.com/church/beechis..jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px;" />Comanche Jack” Stilwell is a name little remembered today, but an 1868 battle made him well known in his lifetime. The Beecher Island affair was </span><img src="http://static.panoramio.com/photos/large/60846534.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px;" /><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">so prominently reported throughout the country that Jack became famous before Buffalo Bill Cody achieved a large degree of attention—Cody wouldn’t receive the Medal of Honor until 1872.</span><img src="http://images.fineartamerica.com/images-medium-large/beecher-island-1868-granger.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px;" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;">Wild Bill Hickok’s career was still young at the time; only the year before, 1867,<em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Harper’s </em>gave him international <img src="http://i16.photobucket.com/albums/b33/telerion/Wild%20West%20One/LtBeecher2.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px;" />recognition. Stilwell was better known in his own time, but he never reached the heights of Cody, Hickok or any dozen other Old West characters who have retained their fame into the 21st century.<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Frederic_Remington_-_Battle_of_Beecher's_Island_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px;" /></span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">In the annals of the American West are accounts of innumerable battles between settlers and American Indians. For many students of the Indian Wars, three battles stand out above the rest: Little Big Horn, Washita and Beecher Island. </span><img height="480" src="http://images49.fotki.com/v630/photos/9/985787/3972878/2006_08260010-vi.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px;" width="640" /><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Though the Beecher Island affair does not today have the acclaim of the other two, it stands as one of the most significant displays of frontier courage in military history.</span><img height="444" src="https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTEEZTKS7NuWeMqo2D95-OQsnuehLuVsc5C51MqNeOdfLXPe8aRpQ" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px;" width="640" /></span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;">America’s Original “Rough Riders”</span></strong></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;">The name “S.E. Stilwell” first appeared on the Quartermaster’s Records at Fort Dodge in Kansas in March 1867, when Jack was 16, almost 17, years old. He entered service as a “laborer,” but by June, he was listed as a scout under Maj. Henry Douglass’s command.<img height="640" src="http://i.ebayimg.com/00/s/MTYwMFgxMDc1/z/yCcAAMXQuu9Rm~uQ/$(KGrHqJHJEUFGKT5kBZTBRm+uQFLF!~~60_35.JPG" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px;" width="428" /></span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Frontier scouts, like interpreters, guides and packers, had long been a staple in the military. They were non-soldier employees who the Army usually hired month by month. When Gen. Philip Sheridan authorized Maj. George A. “Sandy” Forsyth to try a new scouting tactic, raising a company of 50 “first class handy frontiersmen to be used as Scouts against the hostile Indians,” 18-year-old Jack readily signed up, on August 24, 1868.</span><img height="425" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQ2Y1g4W5jQj-mc72vnd3MAtP-Vprau9M4nRP4KqkhkhG3nYkWl" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px;" width="640" /></span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;">These scouts, America’s original “Rough Riders,” were first known as the “Solomon Avengers” and soon as “Forsyth’s Scouts,” in honor of their commander. Of the 50 total scouts, 30 were enrolled at Fort Harker and 20 more at Fort Hays.</span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;">Within five days of their enrollment, the column left Fort Hays for a scout in the area of the Solomon River where Indian depredations had resulted in the deaths of several settlers. Finding no Indians, the scouts rode farther west to Fort Wallace, arriving there on September 5.<img height="640" src="https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/2c/57/9e/2c579e12017ea267b969b8c746349d5b.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px;" width="461" /></span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">During five days rest, the scouts organized needed supplies. On September 10, they were all set to rescue some settlers between Bison Basin</span><img src="http://www.spiriteaglehome.com/CDT06%20images/WY38%20Crooks%20Mtn.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px;" /> and Hardingens Lake when word came of an Indian attack in Sheridan, Kansas. From Sheridan, Forsyth’s scouts followed the trail northwest for five days, a trail which led up the<img height="425" src="https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSOl8L_zwxS2R93Ws85bXmjrgBmJ34drESV46KwbOYKz8mN_1ouhg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px;" width="640" /> Arikaree Fork of the Republican River and into Colorado. below wray<img height="277" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQiokCZIDMa4JW-1QJ19ykeaa15IOq-nMRLuMGhQCXOzua7EEuI" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px;" width="640" />On September 17, they began the Battle of Beecher Island some 17 miles south of the present-day community of Wray in Yuma County.<img height="297" src="data:image/jpeg;base64,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" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px;" width="640" /></span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;">Jack’s own account of his role in this affair has been rarely told with any detail of his personal exploits. While he occasionally shared his story with friends, he gave few formal interviews. On August 29, 1895, he responded to a letter from Franklin G. Adams of Topeka, Kansas,<img height="423" src="http://www.kancoll.org/khq/images/68_2_atchison.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px;" width="640" /> in which Adams had asked for Jack’s story of the “Arikaree Fight.” Jack stated that he was not in the habit of writing about himself and that most of the articles about Forsyth’s scouts he had read needed to have about a thousand I’s removed.<img src="http://www.reinforcementsbypost.com/sites/default/files/image_gallery/Old%20West%20US%20Cavalry%20(2)-800.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px;" /></span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;">When Jack told the story of the battle, he did not glorify his part, as was often done by old-timers; rather, he shared a simple, straightforward retelling of the events from his perspective.<img src="http://cdn3.volusion.com/mexwq.hxrfd/v/vspfiles/photos/ACW2-4.jpg?1426182483" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px;" /></span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;">The following is a combination of basic information condensed from Jack’s few extant interviews <img height="370" 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" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px;" width="640" />with newspapermen and writers, like Frederic Remington, who called Jack, “My hero.”</span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"><strong style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jack Stilwell’s Account</strong><img src="http://i1138.photobucket.com/albums/n524/bruce-bonus/US%20Cavalry/DSCF4992_zpsf236fa43.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px;" /></span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;">“Along about the middle of September, 1868, Colonel ‘Sandy’ Forsyth was ordered by General Sheridan to hire frontiersmen and start out to overhaul a war party of Brule and Ogallala<em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> [sic] </em>Sioux and Dog Soldier Cheyennes which had been raiding the country....<img src="http://www.ftwallace.com/Getem.JPG" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px;" /></span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;">“It was not long after leaving Fort Wallace with our supplies that we struck the trail of the marauders. From the tracks Indians left behind them we judged that there were about 3,000 tepees in the outfit.<img height="640" src="https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRxw3RYeZVHBumlZDeDYOmKusSb4PrLD1emesTsNKA5DFWDyqqRPg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px;" width="625" /> It was evident that the Indians were making slow progress, owing to their great number and camp truck. We were thus enabled to cover as much ground in one day as they were in two.<img height="481" src="http://www.forttours.com/images/ftwallace.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px;" width="640" /></span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">“On the night of the 16th we camped on a flat and narrow sandbar. Early the next morning we were attacked by the Indians, who attempted to run off our stock. While we were saddling our horses a large party began a more vigorous fight upon us. The sun was just rising when it was decided that we should move upon a sandbar, which was an island in wet weather....</span><img height="425" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTKaT4g7up5CqjoHu6r9Q1hxbh5L9l5qRzyfVnJ4cNT7PGUCfP9lA" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px;" width="640" /></span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;">“We quickly took possession of the upper end of the island, while the Indians swooped down upon the lower end. The fight was now on.<img src="http://www.timpo-collector.co.nz/files/7913/7574/7914/Timpo_lot_Aug2013_026.JPG" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px;" /></span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">“Colonel Forsyth detailed myself and five other men to go bushwhacking and capture, if possible, the position held by the Indians. This we accomplished, but the Indians had by this time stationed their sharpshooters in the hollows nearby and prevented us from returning to the main body. The fight had lasted an hour and a half when we received the relief that we had sent for....</span><img height="450" src="https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQ33H9u9oqkkBwqy7iZAnxL0h6yCW-1eNjTP6j6hrx5THKNXZKO" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px;" width="640" /></span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">“At 10 o’clock old Roman Nose, chief of the Dog Soldiers and the most celebrated Indian fighter of that day, assumed command.... The Indians bore down on our center, and, breaking it, dashed almost half way to the main party of our men when a bullet [said by fellow scout Amos Chapman to have been from Jack’s rifle] struck Roman Nose behind and pierced his abdomen...he soon fainted and was borne off the field by his soldiers. A young warrior...relative of Dull Knife now assumed command...[but] he, too, fell dead with a bullet in his head. From that moment the Indians didn’t recognize any commander, but kept up the fight in a haphazard way until after 5 o’clock when they received reinforcements and a new man in command.... At sundown the Indians drew off their horsemen, but left their sharpshooters.</span><img height="623" src="http://exploringoffthebeatenpath.com/Battlefields/ForgottenFront/valverde_lancers.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px;" width="640" /></span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;">“I then joined the main party and for the first time learned the effect of the fire of the Indians. Colonel Forsyth had both legs broken, Lieutenant [Frederick] Beecher had a broken back and three bullets in his body, and Dr. [John] Mooers had been fatally shot in the head...more than one half our force were either dead or wounded.<img height="526" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Dragoons41.jpg/400px-Dragoons41.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px;" width="640" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;">“It was nearly midnight when Col. Forsyth ordered old Pete [Trudeau] and myself to make a forced march to Fort Wallace, which was 120 miles away.... Wrapping blankets about ourselves, we crawled out among the Indians....</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;">“Each of us had cut off a chunk of raw horse meat on the way and then with moccasins, made from the tops of our boots and with the rather stinking saddle blankets wrapped around us we made, we thought, fairly representative Indians....</span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">“We succeeded in making three miles the first night. Then we hid ourselves in a washout in a ravine where the grass had grown so tall that it hung over the ledges. Here we lay all the next day listening to the fighting on the island, and yet we were powerless to get the relief we were after or return to our party. We had made up our minds, if we were hailed in Cheyenne, to answer in Sioux, and if hailed in Sioux, to answer in Cheyenne, so that either would be likely to let us pass.</span><img src="http://www.treefrogtreasures.com/forum/attachment.php?attachmentid=115900&stc=1&d=1358349819" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px;" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;">“That night we made more track toward Fort Wallace only to find ourselves within half a mile of the main village of the Indians on the south fork of the Republican. We got into a swampy place and hid during the day....<img src="http://www.hand-painted-soldiers.com/contents/media/m5427.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px;" /></span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">“The next morning we found ourselves at the head of Goose Creek on a high, rolling prairie. The Indians were so thick all around that we had to hide in the carcasses of two buffaloes.... There was just enough hide on the bones to conceal us.... When night came we pulled out and reached Fort Wallace.</span><img src="http://www.militaryminiatureshq.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Andrea-Miniatures-U.S.-Cavalry-Bugler-1876-Model-54mm-Figure..jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px;" /></span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">“As soon as we told our story, General Sheridan ordered all available troops to the scene of the fight. Meantime, however, two couriers [Allison Pliley and John Donovan] had reported the fight to [Lt.] Colonel [Louis] Carpenter’s command, and that good old soldier...struck right out and reached the battlefield forty-eight hours before the troops from the fort got there.</span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">“That fight was fought on the Arickaree <em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[sic]</em> fork of the Republican. I don’t know how to spell that word and I never saw a man who did. But that’s the story [John] Burke wanted me to tell you.”</span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;">Forsyth’s Heroes</span></strong></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jack’s published accounts of this great rescue effort never included the famous story of his spitting in the eyes of a rattlesnake, though he did mention hiding in the carcasses of two buffaloes. The “legend” goes that while Jack and Trudeau were hiding, a rattlesnake took up his abode in the same carcass Jack had climbed in. With Indians nearby who would have heard his cry if bitten, Jack spit tobacco juice in the snake’s eyes. The snake slithered off. As the saying goes, “If it’s not true, it ought to be.”</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;">Colonel Forsyth explained why he had selected Jack and “Avalanche” Trudeau to make the first attempt at going for help: “I had volunteers in plenty to go to Fort Wallace, and of these I selected two— Pierre Truedeau <em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[sic]</em>, an old and experienced trapper, and a young fellow named Jack Stillwell <em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[sic]....</em> Two better men for the purpose it would have been difficult to find. I gave Stillwell <em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[sic]</em>, as he was by far the more intelligent and better educated man of the two, my only map....”</span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jack and Trudeau reached the stage road station in Cheyenne Wells, Colorado, about sundown and waited until the stage from Denver came through on its way to Fort Wallace, arriving there on the evening of September 22. Colonel Henry Bankhead wired Jack’s report to Gen. Sheridan.</span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Although exhausted, Jack insisted on joining Bankhead’s command to witness the rescue. His feet were bruised, sore, dreadfully swollen and stung full of cactus needles and thistles. He bound them up with strips off his blanket and then got in an “ambulance” that transported him from Fort Wallace to the island, a two days journey. Upon arriving, he forgot his condition and rushed to meet his comrades, his eyes filled with tears of joy at seeing those yet alive. Scout John Hurst later described the teenaged Jack during this event as “one of the bravest, nerviest and coolest men in the command.”</span></div>
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<strong style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;">The Life of a Courageous Adventurer</span></strong></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;">Jack had signed on with Forsyth’s Scouts at a pay rate of $75 per month, based on his furnishing his own horse and tack. He received a bonus of $150 for his bravery in the Beecher Island battle.</span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">After several weeks of recovery at Fort Wallace, 17 of the Forsyth Scouts, including Jack, went to Fort Hays. There, on October 20, they were placed on Capt. Amos S. Kimball’s roll. William F. “Buffalo Bill” Cody recorded in his biography that Fort Hays was where he met and spent a few days with the “survivors of this terrible fight.”</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;">On October 31, Bvt. Lt. Col. J. Schuyler Crosby directed Capt. Kimball to “pay S.E. Stillwell<em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> [sic], </em>Scout and Guide now on your rolls, up to and after Nov. 1st, 1868 at the rate of $100 per month from his last payment as one of Forsyth’s Scouts—transferred.”<img height="425" src="https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/d9/c0/84/d9c08462e7007c90f16aa9864e180ff7.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px;" width="640" /></span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The pay rate of $100 per month was exceptional, and Jack was one of only three scouts to receive such a fee. Cody, who served under the same command, was receiving only $75 per month.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;">From their first meeting at Fort Hays, Cody and Jack developed a lifelong friendship. In Jack’s later years, he worked for Cody as a ranch foreman and on behalf of Cody in his fight for water rights in the Bighorn Basin of Wyoming.<img src="http://campus.albion.edu/geofieldcamp/files/2009/11/Bighorn-Basin-from-Polecat-Bench-1024x768.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px;" /></span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Most of the 17 Forsyth scouts transferred to Capt. Kimball, including Jack, were reorganized under the command of Lt. Silas Pepoon. Jack and “Pepoon’s Scouts” were associated with George Armstrong Custer in the winter campaign of 1868 against the Southern Cheyenne, Arapaho, Kiowa and Comanche tribes including the</span><img height="274" src="http://www.rogermills.org/images/Battle-Sign.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px;" width="640" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;">In April 1875, Jack and one other man made a trip into the Staked Plains and induced the Quahada Comanches, under the leadership of Mow-way and Quanah Parker, to surrender. Jack scouted for Custer, Sheridan, Benjamin F. Grierson, Ranald S. Mackenzie, John “Black Jack” Davidson, George A. Armes and numerous other frontier military leaders, many of whom wrote glowing testimonials on his behalf in 1896, when he applied for a military pension.</span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jack continued his service to the frontier army into the early 1880s, primarily at Fort Sill in the Indian Territory. During much of his time in the 1870s-80s, he also served as a deputy U.S. marshal, and his exploits in chasing and corralling outlaws are legion.</span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">In 1877, he went with his younger brother, Frank, W.H.H. McCall and others to<img src="https://ahsmapping.files.wordpress.com/2013/07/fort-whipple-3.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px;" />in Arizona.</span><img src="http://www.fortwiki.com/images/thumb/2/2a/Fort_Whipple_Barracks_-_2.jpg/795px-Fort_Whipple_Barracks_-_2.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px;" /> There, he served as a packer until he grew dissatisfied with that country, whereupon he went to Fort Stockton and Fort Davis in Texas.<img height="425" src="https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRVIzCQQlIKQAxnqlVfHTWtXW0HN6j6D82MTPttw8xV7pslfYKi" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px;" width="640" /> In 1882, when Frank was killed in Tucson, Arizona, by Wyatt Earp’s Vendetta Posse, Jack went to Tombstone and Cochise County to avenge his brother’s murder. After several weeks of unsuccessfully hunting the Earps with Pete Spence, John Ringo and other Arizona cowboys, Jack gave up the search and returned to Oklahoma.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;">In the 1890s, Jack served as police judge of El Reno, Oklahoma,<img height="401" src="http://www.legendsofamerica.com/photos-oklahoma/ElRenoOK-Postcard.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px;" width="640" /> for two terms and as U.S. commissioner in Anadarko for three years. In 1898, at Cody’s invitation, Jack and his bride, Esther, moved to Cody, Wyoming, where he received another appointment as a U.S. commissioner.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;">Jack died of pneumonia in Cody in 1903<img height="426" src="http://www.kunstbinnenbereik.nl/site/afbeeldingen/kunstenaars/dickschoenmakers/10184-cody%20wyoming%20usa_groot.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px;" width="640" />, his health broken and his body much crippled with rheumatism from his many years in the saddle on the frontier. His body now rests at Cody’s Old Trail Town under an imposing, yet fitting, memorial.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;">The West has known few men of the caliber of “Comanche Jack” Stilwell. While his deeds of daring were often recorded in frontier newspapers and turn-of-the-20th-century books, he was never a self-promoter. He never appeared in a Wild West <img height="374" src="http://centerofthewest.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/03-WFCAlbert_downtown_Cody-P.69.1577.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px;" width="640" />showand he didn’t participate on the lecture circuit. So it is time that “long may his story be told” put Jack into the prominence he deserves.Roman nose had made his name also fighting Mexicans</span><br /><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"><br /></span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">The</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><b style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Comanche–Mexico Wars</b><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">were conflicts from 1821 to 1870 which consisted of large-scale raids into northern</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Mexico<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">by</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Comanches<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">and their</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Kiowa<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">allies which left thousands of people dead.</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">The Comanche raids were sparked by the declining military capability of Mexico in the turbulent years after it gained independence in 1821, plus a large and growing market in the United States for stolen Mexican horses and cattle.</span></span><br /><div style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;">By the time the American army invaded northern Mexico in 1846 during the Mexican-American War the region was devastated. Comanche raids into Mexico continued until 1870. The Comanche were finally defeated by the U.S. in 1875 and forced onto a reservation.<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">In the words of American General</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wilkinson" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #cc6600; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-decoration: none;" title="James Wilkinson">James Wilkinson</a><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">the Comanche were "the most powerful nation of savages on this continent."</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">That power would be amply demonstrated as the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>United States<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">and the newly independent country of</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #cc6600; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-decoration: none;" title="Mexico">Mexico</a><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">contested ownership of</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Texas<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">and much of the American Southwest. The Comanche considered themselves owners of a 500-by-400-mile (800 by 640 km) block of land that stretched from the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Arkansas River<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">in Colorado</span><img alt="AR Arkansas River.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/AR_Arkansas_River.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> to near the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Rio Grande<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">in Texas. In the early nineteenth century, more than 10,000 Comanches shared this land, called</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Comancheria<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, </span><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Comancheria.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">with 2,000</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Kiowa<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">and</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Plains Apache<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">(Kiowa-Apache). They sometimes granted hunting rights to other tribes, such as the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Wichita<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;">The Comanche came to the attention of the Spanish in New Mexico in 1706 and were a severe threat until peace treaties were concluded with their eastern bands by Pedro Vial<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Comanche_Buffalo_hunters_and_their_tepee_lodges._August_1871._-_NARA_-_533056.jpg/1280px-Comanche_Buffalo_hunters_and_their_tepee_lodges._August_1871._-_NARA_-_533056.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">in 1785 and their western bands in 1786. The Spanish welcomed the Comanche as an ally against the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Apache<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, forgave their transgressions, traded manufactured items and corn to them for horses, captives, and</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>buffalo<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">meat, and showered them with gifts. The mutually beneficial relationship between Spaniard and Comanche began to come apart in 1821 when Mexico won its independence from Spain. The new country had no resources to continue paying tribute to the Comanche and was embroiled in domestic disputes rather than paying attention to troubles on its northern frontier.</span></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19506629514561511.post-14620337298208157212015-03-25T23:56:00.003-07:002015-03-25T23:56:44.526-07:00 Hawker Fury munich by airfix<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<img src="http://2e7fd430838d304f1516-467f5d9f2ca7b7b12f8a116e60ea9c1d.r77.cf3.rackcdn.com/catalog/product/cache/4/image/9df78eab33525d08d6e5fb8d27136e95/a/a/aa27302-hawker-fury-_munich-crisis_.jpg" /><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 19.6000003814697px;">Entering service with both the RAF and 43 squadron in May 1931, the Hawker Fury represented a great leap forward in the quality of fighters available to the RAF. By 1938 newer designs had started to encroach upon the small and nimble Hawker biplanes’ advantage but it still had an important place within the RAF. At the time of the Munich Crisis in 1938, when Europe once again looked set to descend into war, they received a coat of camouflage paint along with many other RAF types. This contrasted sharply with their previous all over silver colours but while war was averted for a short period, the storm clouds had gathered and would not depart.</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">The</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><b style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Munich Agreement</b><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">was a settlement permitting</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Nazi Germany<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">'s</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>annexation of portions of Czechoslovakia<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">along the country's borders mainly inhabited by German speakers, for which a new territorial designation "</span>Sudetenland<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">"</span><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Teroristick%C3%A1_akce_sudeton%C4%9Bmeck%C3%A9ho_Freikorpsu.jpg" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> was coined. The agreement was negotiated at a conference held in</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Munich<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, Germany, among the major powers of Europe, excluding the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Soviet Union<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">and Czechoslovakia. Today, it is widely regarded as a failed act of</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>appeasement<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">toward Germany. The agreement was signed in the early hours of 30 September 1938 (but dated 29 September). The purpose of the conference was to discuss the future of the Sudetenland in the face of ethnic demands made by</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Adolf Hitler<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">. The agreement was signed by Germany,</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>France<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>United Kingdom<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, and</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Italy<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">. Sudetenland was of immense strategic importance to</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Czechoslovakia<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, as most of its border defenses were situated there, and many of its banks</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">and heavy industries were located there as well.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Because the state of Czechoslovakia was not invited to the conference, it considered itself to have been betrayed by the United Kingdom and France, so Czechs and Slovaks call the Munich Agreement the <b>Munich Dictate</b> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The phrase "Munich Betrayal" is also used because the military alliance Czechoslovakia had with France and Britain proved useless. Today the document is typically referred to simply as the Munich Pact (<i>Mnichovská dohoda</i>).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The Sudeten crisis produced serious political instability in Germany, with a secret meeting occurring on 20 September 1938 led by General Hans Oster<img alt="Bundesarchiv Bild 146-2004-0007, Hans Oster.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2004-0007%2C_Hans_Oster.jpg/200px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2004-0007%2C_Hans_Oster.jpg" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, deputy head of the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><i style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Abwehr</i><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0157%2C_Geheimer_Funkmeldedienst_des_OKW.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0157%2C_Geheimer_Funkmeldedienst_des_OKW.jpg" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">and prominent figures within the German military who opposed the regime for its behaviour that was threatening to bring Germany into a war that they believed it was not ready to fight.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">They discussed overthrowing Hitler and the Nazi regime through a planned storming of the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Reich Chancellery<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">by forces loyal to the plot to take control of the government, who would either arrest or assassinate Hitler, and most of the members at the meeting agreed that they would support the restoration of the monarchy of</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><i style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Kaiser</i><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Wilhelm II<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">.</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">The plot became known as the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Oster Conspiracy<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">.</span></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19506629514561511.post-16244583301737256142015-03-25T10:32:00.002-07:002015-03-25T10:32:56.607-07:00medici<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-C5tWM1SZjmY/Tj1WrzPWNzI/AAAAAAAAD8A/fAkNVBRhaHU/s1600/DSCN2453.jpg" /> Famiglia de' Medici was a political dynasty, banking family and later royal house that first began to gather prominence under Cosimo de' Medici<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Cosimodemedicitheolder.jpg/220px-Cosimodemedicitheolder.jpg" /> in the Republic of Florence<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FlorenceCoA.svg/85px-FlorenceCoA.svg.png" /> during the late 14th century. The family originated in the Mugello region<img src="http://www.holidayhomestuscany.com/image/109-map.jpg" /> of the Tuscan countryside, gradually rising until they were able to found theMedici Bank. The bank was the largest in Europe during the 15th century, </span><img height="298" 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" width="400" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">seeing the Medici gain political power in </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Florence</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> — though </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">officially</i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> they remained simply citizens rather than monarchs.</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> The fatal blow was the </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Wars of the Roses</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, which rendered</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Edward IV</span><img alt="King Edward IV.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/King_Edward_IV.jpg/229px-King_Edward_IV.jpg" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> unable to repay the loans (the best he could do in way of repayment was to lift all tariffs on the Medici exporting English wool until such time as the debt was repaid), and the branch had loaned far too much to the </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Lancastrian</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> rebels (and not</span><img alt="Medieval Archers - Airfix 54mm Knights and Men at " src="http://www.toysoldierco.com/i/5454L_2.jpg" height="393" width="640" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> to a number of </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Yorkist</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> loyalists), who would never repay their loans after their deaths and defeats.</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> The London branch finished its liquidation in 1478, with total losses of 51,533 gold florins.</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">The succeeding </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Tudors</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> never paid off the outstanding </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Plantagenet</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> debt.</span><img src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-lvzEsmO6qAc/USAcKtQa3zI/AAAAAAAABHc/V8VetVHY6m0/s1600/Hobby+&+eBay+030.JPG" /></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b style="background-color: black;">The Medici produced four Popes of the Catholic Church—Pope Leo X (1513–1521), Pope Clement VII (1523–1534), Pope Pius IV<img alt="Pius IV 2.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Pius_IV_2.jpg/220px-Pius_IV_2.jpg" />(1559–1565), and Pope Leo XI<img alt="Leo XI 2.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Leo_XI_2.jpg/220px-Leo_XI_2.jpg" /> (1605); two regent queens of France—Catherine de' Medici <img alt="Catherine-de-medici.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Catherine-de-medici.jpg/220px-Catherine-de-medici.jpg" />(1547–1559) and Marie de' Medici(1600–1610)<img alt="0 Marie de Médicis - Frans Pourbus le Jeune - Louvre (INV1710) - (2).JPG" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/0_Marie_de_M%C3%A9dicis_-_Frans_Pourbus_le_Jeune_-_Louvre_%28INV1710%29_-_%282%29.JPG/220px-0_Marie_de_M%C3%A9dicis_-_Frans_Pourbus_le_Jeune_-_Louvre_%28INV1710%29_-_%282%29.JPG" />; and, in 1531, the family became hereditary Dukes of Florence. In 1569, the duchy was elevated to a grand duchy after territorial expansion. They ruled the Grand Duchy of Tuscany from its inception until 1737, with the death of Gian Gastone de' Medici<img alt="A peri-wigged man is resplendent in gold, ermine-fringed coronation robes. The man holds the royal sceptre of Tuscany in his right hand; at the same time clenching the royal crown. The cross of the order of Saint Stephen Pope and Martyr adorns his neck. The Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore lies crumbling against a dark sky outside the window." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Giangastonecoronation.jpg/220px-Giangastonecoronation.jpg" />. The grand duchy witnessed degrees of economic growth under the earlier grand dukes, but by the time of Cosimo III de' Medici,<img alt="Cosimo-III-BR.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Cosimo-III-BR.jpg/220px-Cosimo-III-BR.jpg" /> Tuscany was fiscally bankrupt.<img src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xAOMyzWSjz0/UEhjjzwh-iI/AAAAAAAAAI8/Ung_-GLk0kw/s640/swiss1.jpg" /></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b style="background-color: black;">Their wealth and influence initially derived from the textile trade guided by the guild of the <i>Arte della Lana</i>. Like other signore families they dominated their city's government. They were able to bring Florence under their family's power, allowing for an environment where art and humanism could flourish. They fostered and inspired the birth of the Italian Renaissance along with other families of Italy, such as the Visconti and Sforza of Milan<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Muzio_Attendolo_Sforza_%281369-1424%29.jpg/220px-Muzio_Attendolo_Sforza_%281369-1424%29.jpg" />, the Este of Ferrara, and the Gonzaga of Mantua.</b></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The Medici Bank was one of the most prosperous and most respected institutions in Europe. There are some estimates that the Medici family were the wealthiest family in Europe for a period of time. From this base, they acquired political power initially in Florence and later in wider Italy and Europe. A notable contribution to the profession of accounting was the improvement of thegeneral ledger system through the development of the double-entry bookkeeping system for tracking credits and debits.</span><img src="http://www.touringclub.com/allegati/7_bronzino_ritratto_di_guidobaldo20della20rovere_100708041852_58007.jpg" height="640" width="496" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> This system was first used by </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">accountants</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> working for the Medici family in Florence.The Medici family came from the agricultural </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Mugello region</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">,</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> north of Florence, being mentioned for the first time in a document of 1230.</span><sup class="Template-Fact" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[</sup><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The origin of the name is uncertain, although </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Medici</i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> is the plural of </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">medico</i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">, also written "del medico" or "</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Delmedigo</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">", meaning, "medical doctor".</span><img alt="Risultati immagini per bande nereolmi cinema" height="358" src="data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD/2wCEAAkGBhQSEBUUEBQUFBQUFRQUFhQVFBQUFBQUFBUVFBQVFBQXHCYeFxkkGRQUHy8gIycpLCwsFR4xNTAqNSYrLCkBCQoKDgwOGg8PGiwcHCQsLCwpKSkpKSkpKSwsLCksLCkpKSwpKSkpKSkpKSkpLCkpKSkpKSkpKSwpKSwsLCkpLP/AABEIAKgBLAMBIgACEQEDEQH/xAAcAAAABwEBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQIDBAUHBgj/xAA+EAACAQMBBQcCAwcDAwUBAAABAgADBBEhBQYSMUEHEyJRYXGBMpFCobEUI1JigsHRM7LwNHKiY5KT4fEW/8QAGQEAAwEBAQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAECAwQF/8QAIREBAQACAwADAAMBAAAAAAAAAAECEQMhMRIyQQQicVH/2gAMAwEAAhEDEQA/AKWnSklKUFOnJNOlBiSlGOrRjqU4+lKBIwoxxaUlLSji0YEjpRjq0JJSjHkowJHShHkoyQtOZ7vdvy6XAS1fApN4zgEO3VPVR+vtDejmO3frQjwoyBurt9LykGXAcaOmdVPmPNfWXq0o/U2aRhRi1oSWtKKFOA0jClFClJQpRQpRnpEFGLFGShShinEPijCjDFCShTh93HsfFFFGH3MlinDFOB6RBRh9zJndwd3AfFD7mH3Ul93B3cZaRO6iTSkw04k04bGkFqMZq2+RLJqU57aW9VGjWFKowUtyzGm4pVG31ksUZX7TUvbuaLeLhJBB640nNdnu+DVWNCucvk4J8xpiG4Jht2bW8bNvLM0o01KUn4q1qEaahLNqUaajAviqnoRo0JbNQjRowL4uIpU5KppDSjJNOjMXQKnSkhaUcp0pIWlAjAox1aceWlHBSgDS046lOOLTlLvXvSllSGfFVfPAnnj8TeSiBybVu/u9ItaXdUz++qA4/wDTXkX9/KZATLC8unru9SqWatxcRBA4eEcxwnxHy4RoADkxkqGVSuAcnK4AOSeLQD8A0Az9pO22M0e2PtWpb1BUosVcdehHUMOo9Jpuw+0WvUQs9srLTwKjU28Qz1FM64/KQty+zg1gla8XgT6lpcIV6mdc1OoXlpodJoSbr26nipUkpP0dFCsP7Eeh5wkvsTlZ4f2be069MVKTBlPXqD1DDofQyWKc5Btl1rSsalsBxNq9DUU64HWl/A+On6idRsja1O4UlMhlOHpsMVKbfwuvT35GXtGkoU4oU46FhhIwaCRQSO8MMLAGu7g4I9wwcMR6NBYoJHAsMJGDfDD4I7wwcMBo1wQ+COcMPhgNGSsSUj5WFwxlpGddJgPaRc8V8/8AKAJ6DqpofaedN/f+uq+8jPxWH2N7A33rWxxksnLhPQehkey22Vue9TTL8WPc5lG5hK+slp8Zt6d3c2mLigrdcDMsmpzA9y9/atq4B8VPqOuPSbRsbey3uVBRxk/hJ1HxNsbthlNVPanGzTk0AHlENSjTqIRpRs0pOalGzTgWnEpRkinRjqUo+lOZmRTpR5aUcSnH1pxGaSnHRSjiU46KcD0rtpXqUKL1ahwqKWPr5AepMwfbe22ubh6tXOueFQQOED6FB8hO37XdvZdLVDogFSp6sfoB9hr8iZmTJrXHHXZbVNfCGGQAfESWJ0P38pebr7VpWtcVK9Dvip8Kl+FVI/ERg8TDyOk6LZe55s7CrfXahavARbUm/CzjhWo4/i10HTmfTgA0S3pfdzbtK9oirRJxnhZW+pGHNW/z1lsKcxDsm3j7i9FNzinX8DZOArgEoxz6+H+qbsozy19tZeN3O2eWOqiXVktRCr8j5HBB6FT0I85xe0A9GqFZuC4QE0rjGlWnn6agH1L0K9OY6TQOGU29uwv2m2ZV/wBRPHSPUOOmfIjI+YZQoRu5vKl0CpHd10/1KROf6kP4lPnLvhmDJtSrSqJWpkrUpnQ9fVGHUcxibXu3t1Ly3WtT0zoy9UcfUp/5yIixy30q4/qw4YOGOcMGJZEYg4Y5iDEQICwwsXiHiME4gAi8QYgCcQsReIMQBGIREXiDEAZddJ517Q6eL+r7z0cRMO7YNlcF0KmNHX8xJz8PH7M0cRsx6oIy0hpQDSXbbSdDlWIPmDgyCTCzGTQ92+1OvQIFQ94nUH6vgzX92d76F6maTeIc1OhHxPL6vLTY23alvUFSkxVh9iPI+YlzP/rO4f8AHqcpEFJzG42/9K+p4YhKy/UhPP1HpJu099bWjUKVKqhhzGZr6yt0grTjtOnFpTj6U5kCUpx1acWtOOqkFQlacTdV1p02qPoqKWJ9AMySEnGdrW0TSsOAHBrVFp/0gF2HzwgfMV6VJusX21tJq9apVf6qjFj6Z5D4GB8SDQuCjh1xxKQwyARkHIODodYdU6yO0iNU7aG2q1w3FXqvUY9WYnHsOQ+MSJmN5jirGD1OpLjZm8legQaNaoh/lcgfK8j8ylSnnzkynacSgjTGh9Tk6/bEVmxvTU92e2NwQt8odeXeoAHHqyDRvjBmrWN5TrU1qUXDowyGXkf8H0nlbgKzr9wd/XsauGy1BzionPH86j+IfnFMrj6LjL4t+0LZYoXtULolQCqB08eeIf8AvDH5j3ZPt/ubs0GPgr6AdBUUEqfkZH2lx2u0lqUre5pEMjK6hhqGBAdTn2DzLbG8KVFdThkZWB8mUgj8xFl1dw8Z+PUOIMRuyuRVpJUHJ0Vx/UAY9ibsiQIAIqCAJAh4hwYgBQYh4hwBOIIqFiAFBDxBAEmZ52sbI72gGUaqD+Wv9pokpdv0gyYPKGt9Fbrt5frrIrCdZvvsH9muWAHgfxL88x95y1RZlJptvc2YMIxTCIMZBmDihRMAl2t+9Ng1NirDkQcGFc37VGLOSzHmTqTIsEZaj1QqR5EilSOqk0rnhKpHVWKCRYWSuCVZkvbbf5q0KIP0K1Q+7HhX8gZ2HaEa1C2qXNtWNI4RHXTDAtgMhP01BnGnMaeUw/b22qt1V7yu3E/CqZ8wgwM+vU+pMjK/jXGfqqMjmPHrGIGMCPIIyItamIB0GydnhxjT1PlNL3V3Zsi72ldsuzU6yHlo1MhlwdCMoDj+bMyaz27Up/SE+VzLr/8AuaxfvW/1QqopUIF4VzwhkKkNjibn5ypZpGrtoW+W49mgHdMtNx9S/SAMaYA88iZbtOy7tjwkHXGRH9ob216xJqEEtz0UcvYDEqXuc8/1hlcbOhjjlLur603pcWn7K/ipip3qEnVDwsrqB/CeLPv7yst21kNZLthrMb1G8ejezqsX2ZbluisvwrsB+QE6PEqdz7IUbGhTUhuGmMsORZvExHyTLib4fWML7ScQYhwRkKHBBABChxi7uhTQsxwFBJPtED0GJE2ZeitTWoOTDI9ukmQl3NwxQQ4IyJIlZtlPAZaYkLaQ8BhCy8cRvnuuLu0JUfvEHEp9ukwm6tirFWGCDgg9J6gsNVnCdqHZ/wB5TN1br41H7xAPqUfiA8xFlN9jC6/xhrCNGS69PEjMJm1NwoDBKAoUBhcUA9dqkcVIoLFqs0rCCCxQWKCxWIlxX7csGrW1WnT4Q7oyqWGVDEaE6TzNtaxajVem+jU3ZD5ZUlTj00nqvEwbtf2eE2g7KAO8VHOOpIwx+SJnnP1eF/GcuY20fqmMY1godNMx1Lct9IzJFrZO+iKWxzwNJOsNjOzY4HI68I/zpJyzkXjhaqgmDhh+h/SdFuvsAXNUKThevT85b0NwE4eMiqNeTvT1+EX+8dpfuagNMYweQ5YnPycss/q6uPgsu8vFJvbslLa4NGmCeHHUnOfKRDu/U7vvOKlj+AVVNTH/AGTSdrbGW4CkqGcgEHPCT5jiwfznL3O5rPcABKqnQeJFAGOvEuhEnDl67acv8azLqbcrY0Q1RVbQFlBPUAkAmatvX2b0tn7Nd1Y1apqKTUIAxT4vCqgctMZPU+mJl1xbNTrOh0ZGK+2Dpj8jPRO8VNrvYXER4ntkqafxcAbSdG9yuDLcriuzPffu8W9c+E6Ix/CT+E+k1xWyJ5Ztq+JpW73akyU0p1F4yuBxZ1I9fWLizsur4fJjLPlGuQi04m97TqCU8jLOR9OD+s5g9p1Z6inhCqDkgcyPLM3ucjCTbXcw5yln2g27KMkqfIg5kyhvnQY6nh9W0j3CX84XtF20AncIdW1fHRegPvJu1O0e2pghH43wcKPPprM2rXb16hdtWc/meQH6Tn5uTrUdPBx7u61vcv8A6Gj/ANv95eSv3fse5tqSHmqAH35mWGJtxzWEY53eVCFDxCxLQEj3tPKH2kjEZufpPtAXxVbPXSWtMaSpsDpLGrcinTd20CKWPwMyqjGvOXaXs9KW0rhaWOHiBwOQLKCR9yZxzidfb3lK42ktW9b9y1V6tbmMooZ+HTz4VX5nK39VWqOyDhVndlU81VmJVfgECYTvtuiEQooxMYJxCxFcUTxSiexgsUBG61dUXLHAE4m77WLdK/d6kA4LD6R8y7ZPWUd4BFARqzuVqIHQ5BGQRH8RKgsTH+3K2xVov/FTYH3Vs/o01baW1EooWdgAJlvarsWvUtlvHqE0zUVVo8IHdK6fVxcySygY/mkZ+aVje2OVo2g1jtcRhTrJi3Y7v3wRcaYnT212CNNPbQzObS6wZ0Njdkzk5MHocPNrp2f7QO7Yk8gTn2nCDeJQwLAk5+MS8v2LWroHCsRpk9M6jScQlm5fhC5JOM9M+8XFxyy7X/I5ruaaVS39tu5UEMGQ5z79J1xrBkR1OjKD9xmZtZ7q9wqm7pli7LgqeILrnA88jn6Tvat8r0waZGBpgdPTHSY8mMnjq4eTK/ZxfaDZIKiVlGGfIb1KjQ+83jYFtnZ1BDyNvTU//GJ5830veI018uI/kBPROxLlf2Ki5IC9xTbJ0AHAJ2cHnby/5VnzunmHeCyNvc1aRGCjsPjOn5Yj+7lPjcnoBJHaTtqnc7Qq1KJymihhyYrzI/50lXsfaopgj5mvHJL25c7bisNs3fDU4R0jNCsWOkr72443LHrH7W94RjE0vdZ71HT7OpZIJOo8pH29trA4BIVjcvzBx6St2qjE5M0v16Z43+2qO3uiWmo9l+xe+qGqwytPGPVzy+3OZDQbWb/2Q1EOz/DjiFRuPzz0z8YnJ8JcpK6/ncZXbQQ4U63OKCCAyTCM3R8B9jHTKPe/byWtuzMfEwKovVifIQF8N7PqDzlR2lbY7nZtXBGangH9WmftM/Xfauv0j85zm929lS64VfQLrjOcnzhcppExu9OauHkNzJVw/lIbGZxuTEkw4kxgRgMKHGTSN7e1Gpcjgokoh5nkT6DynErcSJmGGivfpYyY+NT3B7Uf2Wl3NxllGqEakfyyz2n20M2RQp+xY/2Ex+m06fdPdmpeVlp0xz5t0UeZk22TR/Geu33OW52rdq1wxNGmeJgNFyOQx1mn9oOyRW2XcUwPpp8aj1pEVB/tk3dbdunZUFpUxy+o9SepMtbmkGRlPJlI+4xHJoo8cXlLnIJl5fUP3jIASV7xcczlAw5fEoWkzxdP03ljaXxXrKqk8cV4WbVjlpcWoqV2IBAHrp7S4tN23YANXRMHkAT85OJS2NywHgGsuralWZS3CSPSYZ7/AB18Vntm1iN3rhcNRuFdk1VTkZ/MiMGrWpVFJUqamSVyCMk644SRC2XUrrhsED1HOWF9fHALDxch6ZmXfjoysym5NVzW89wCyjqMzrN5t+y2xLG3pP4nQrWxzxQPdhT6E4PqBOB3kug1bA/CNfc6mN2FRWRg4GUZH56mnxYqD7EGdWM/rp53Je6YdoKTTrd5b62a1whQsccAXGRr6chicdTE11pjvcS+LMl2lPJkGkZebs3a0bqlUqjKKwLDGdMHXHXBwfiV52yq1SyKAcSsuRkcQIyPTMg7Qo6Tut895LevSRaLB2DBsgHwjBzqRzOmk4m6fIm+9zTns1ltRGlgzr+z/etrK4BJPdOQtVfT+Ieo5zmxzlxsPYBrZOcAemSTOXLHd1HXMuu3pBHDAFTkEAg+YOogM5/cW4Js1RzlqJNMn0Gqf+JE6AzXG7nZfoQocIwBLsACTyGp9hzmD747ba5uGdieHJCDoq9NJu9ROJSDyII++k8/b07NehWam4wVPwR0IPliTQiKQVnJ3tXiqE+stjtAopxKNvWK3Yxx0bqmRWkio0jmJoTEmPOBw+sZJgA4YmPUq2AdOcZjI6DD4ogw8wCVbLkgDmdJ6g7Mt0Vs7VSw/eOAzH3HKeXbS7KMGU4III9xNc2L2+1EorTq0QWUKO8DfUBnOV6E6DnpJ/RZtvUZvLxaVN6lQ8KIpZj5KoyTM33L7Y6Vxx/tjJRbPgUZ1XUkk8vISN2zb901s1t6DBmuQCxB+miCD/5EAe2YbEYrtS64qtaohIy7sCCVIFRzjly0OJS8eOUfr1sjHnqfjlIpMJFUeY4jxmHmOwl3svagp4yJ1Ozd6wv0n4xzmdlotapHKZZcUrbDmywbDYby0nUhgBgaTlt6tuoNKeCf0nGLeuOTGI4yeZkY8Ml20z/k5ZTQVKhJJOpMcta/AwP/AOH3kfMGZ0OVJqrhiB8e3SHSqYjiqDSU5HEp4CM68PNWx5akRGFHWBJNu2ustKGMiU1PzEnJWxiVKzyxdDSUAaRTICsRY1VKjJjty6BTgzeebc9naqOAZbbL2k9IHgxg9D5+cou8y2ms6bdLYTXlYUlPDoWY+QE599umY9ND7Jr4v+0Bjkngf/cD/aaGZyO625psbgsr8aPTKnIwytkEe40M60mPH9AQocKUAlFvTulSvqeKnhdc8FQcxnofMekvYRi0HmLe3YFS0rNSqgZGoI5Mp5ETmKpmnds9Um94SQQqLw6YxnJIJ6zMKwma8fEdjE5imiCIzKC5jREfpHEFVIyR4IZEKALMLihs3SJgC4oNGYsGAPLWMDViY1mFFoFFokwuKCMFAQQZgzACIhiJaHAJ+ztkvWyVKqq6s7sFUffmZGrUQDhTxeoGBnrjzHr6xtR/wxfD6xGNU8/tHTQHMn4EbLAcoavnmYAZI6aQ6dFTzbB9sw+5UNqTiTKNCmR4Acjq3WAHStVUZDEnoDgRRRiMnQRPDw5Jzp5/4jYuc/J+0QS7Z9QNZOuLYtgA++NJVI5GMGWFhd64Px6xW2QTGWn6FmFmsdjuwyBUuWBGf3aeo5ufvgfBmYhcmeiN2bMUrOii9Ka/cjJP3JkYd3SuTqLKCCFOqsRwswQRAIRglPvfVdbG4ameFlpMQeoxzx8ZiDC+0raAq7QrFTlQ3AD08IwcemcziLkSwvqmplcT5zP1cmjDrpGpJq4xIsDOQFonMImUQiIkiHxQjACggggAggggBwEwQQARTQQQBIMPhgggClgJhwQAPUz7Q1qQQQAyATpHAuIcEQJqDzh0nxgwQQNKNyTz111jocHGmgggiBxhkaD2/wDuJXOeggghQvbSoCAR7H0M9L2A/dJjoi/oIUEjj+9/xXJ9IfhQ4J01jBQjBBJCOjuPrCkea5/2n/Mz3tL7QKH7I1C3qB3q+FivJFz4snzOMYggmeVs6NhlermRHqQQQWZZ43BBGA4tIQMEEZAYUEEA/9k=" 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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The Medici family was connected to most other elite families of the time through marriages of convenience, partnerships, or employment, as a result of which the Medici family had a </span><img src="http://nuovocinemalocatelli.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/94129_1159731_il_mestier_8939613_medium.jpg" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">position of centrality in the social network: several families had systematic access to the rest of the elite families only through the Medici, perhaps similar to banking relationships. This has been suggested as a reason for the rise of the Medici family.</span><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/it/thumb/d/df/Mestiere2.jpg/280px-Mestiere2.jpg" height="267" width="400" /></span></b><br />
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Members of the family rose to some prominence in the early 14th century in the wool trade, especially with France and Spain. Despite the presence of some Medici in the city's </span><img src="http://www.cinemedioevo.net/castello/images/mestiere17.jpg" height="339" width="640" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">government </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">institutions</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">, they were still far less notable than other outstanding families such as the </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Albizzi</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> or the</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Strozzi</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">.</span></span></b><br />
<span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b style="background-color: black;"> One Salvestro de' Medici <img alt="Risultati immagini per Salvestro de' Medici" src="data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD/2wCEAAkGBxQTEhUUEhQVFBUWFBQVFBQVFBQUFBUUFBcWFxUXFBQYHCggGBolHBQUITEhJSkrLi4uFx8zODMsNygtLisBCgoKDg0OGxAQGiwkHyQsLCwsLCwsLCwsLCwsLCwsLCwsLCwtLCwsLCwsLCwsLCwsLCwsLCwsLCwsLCwsLCwsLP/AABEIANAAsAMBIgACEQEDEQH/xAAcAAABBQEBAQAAAAAAAAAAAAADAQIEBQYHAAj/xABIEAABAgMEBQgGBwYEBwAAAAABAAIDESEEBRIxIkFRYXEGE3KBkaGxwQcjMlLR8BQVM0JikuEWJENUc4JTY8LSFzSDk6Ky8f/EABkBAAMBAQEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABAwIEBf/EACQRAAICAgICAgIDAAAAAAAAAAABAhEDMRIhQVEEIhQjcZHw/9oADAMBAAIRAxEAPwDOEphKcUMqJcaShOKISguQMY8oJ8wiPTG5jpN8QmI7FyeGg3iFlXe3EP43/wDsVruTw0G9Xmsgw5nefEqi0Yex8FumFqrsYszZxpha27WoWwLyzNoFYsWM5U8tLPYAGu9bGIBbBa4NkDkYr5aDTXaTIyC5veXpKt1oJwxOYYZgNg6Il0iMR4kjgFpySJpNn0BDYdh7Er8l8yRL0jmrrRHJOsx43+5Tbq5X2yAdC0xeER7orTuIiTos8zTgz6VZqTwueciPSQ20vEC0sbCiupDe0nm4p2SPsO3TIOo6l0ILV2Z0KQsd6TXys8IbY47ocQ+S2Kw3pSdoWcf5kR3YyX+pZlocdmCKUJEoXOdCFcra6Rof3FVJVzdQ9WOJ8VKejcTEOQnFOeUNxXQTGuQXFEKE9ADHpsIabem3xC84r1m+0Z02+KYjs9xj1Y4eSxtnyWyuqkL+0+Cx1mGiOCr4JvZLsY0wtNEtgs8CLHcJiFDfEI24RMA8TILPXez1nYpPLxpNgdCBIMaJChzGpsy9/VKGR1pIb0cWdEi2iI6NHcYjnuxOJ1k07KAS3KbCaJTP6U1BOtbQHCGwVnIAa9Rkrm67ibLFFqdTGmQHSOvuUMuSMdlceNy0Ur4myWyqaIlagLdQLLDaJCGwDbhHeiRrHD1tZLbgCh+QvRX8d+zDQpGk6bD5L6Q5C3g6PYLO97g9/N4XunMlzCWkn8RlM8Vw+2XXCNQMBnm3LrC2noavF0ONHsjzR7RFh7MTKRJdJpZ+Q7V0YcqlohmxOKOuFYH0pOrZh/XPZzQ81vVz30pu9bZh+C0HtdA+CtLRCGzGJQmzShc7OlCkq9u0erb1+JVCSr+7/s28FLIbic/cUMlKShuK6CYjihuTyhuKABuS2L7WH02+Ka4p93/bQ+mExHZbF9if6bvArI2TIcAtZCdKzvP+W7wWUseSr4JeSyulvrD1JeXlowsggmUueidYa1rAOsvRLkbpniqP0pWqG17GvcZ/RXtDW5zfFNXbKNFeKQ2YG43F0XFQuNXOA0QNjd05rYtAwzJpt1LIcmXkmYbIAZ6id3CQRrbbWE6bptEpAlwYMvutq4rzcsXPIejiajA2Fkjwn6Ic2eftDuUmOxsqmfArm1os2lNhayWWDGOEw6oVzbHxjZ2kOqQWuOs8DqWHjqqls1bd9F9FwuJDXNnrbiBPcjckIxh3nZAaHnHMO9r2Op2yWAsPMtGmNPMFr3teJ6wSJHhOq1nJq1YrfY8ThpRoYDyJTwkZjUSKcSr48fCaI5JcoM+i1zv0nunHgjZCcfzPH+1dDxLmvpIfO1tGyAzvfE/Rd2TR58NmWCcmpygdCEWgsdIbeis8VoYYlDHRHgo5CsTnBKaSkKaugkKShlEKG5AAnlGuv7eH0vIoLke6ft4fS8imZZ1yK6Vmif0neCzVhyWgt7v3aJ/TKzdmdIFWeia2Rb85TGxwxzZHPPmQSMWBozMtbjq1a6rBXhaoloY6JEe9z5AVJJOdDuoFacrntMc0E2w4bZ7S6Z7h4qou61ARsMwA8ESNACMq6p1XPNvwWgl5NLc+AwoYAkcAD9U31xKSbgDgcBEqTFDMjLNR7IwMnDOok51BU+wxjM1AnQA6z5Lzckndo9CEfrQG2XRJoxSLjICUgA0VOXAKVZrMHQGtLaB5GWqsivXrGwwsRaXyIMmio37lR2XlI/CYfMkkVIBzaNQdtksqM59obkkTnXLpColKU5NmW7Du6le8i7qZ9Osoa0EQ4j3gOM6NhuqJ5meFVkaMS0BpLaVBlMbiqz615q1WJ2MMLYjXF59lgMVjXFx93CHT3TXR8dyc1ZHP1Bn0g1y5j6QXzth3Q4Y7ifNdIL6nVUrlnLaLO2xdwYOxoXqZV9Ty8T+xUAp00MFPC5TpR4rRPEmdQCzwC0Vp9k8R89yjkKwOZlInSSSXURGoZRShuQAFykXKPXw+PkgOUq5B69nWhCZ0y9H/ALrE6KzkJ+iVeXy792dvl4rOtNFdk0VHKy5S9pjwwXHCBGaKkAezEaNcsiOCw1pDCJhwJ4ET7V2a7zLJY3l9yQaGttFmYQC4iOxtWtnLDEaPugnEDqFMllw8hyroh8kyDDcHnE4nFMmZywmR4SV7NsiRqlIqjua5y2BirpSLHDXQzI3VUj6ywEB4kciTlPivJzR5S6PTxOo9ki33m8NlDaCBMEuJABPBV9kvaK0CbYDpGpDi0ndlTirWzshxaCJKsyJ5o7rjsxywteKznPtosxlFKmjctiQY4iVILXSmQZGkjKoWcZYYlttQs8MTk/m5gUZDn6x7jsGkewZlauw3c6JFDGkTLZufqa3b8Atjd9kg2VjmWdgaHEue7N8RxqS9xzqcsgu/4OBy+3g4fmZlH6o1cS8JkneSubco4uK1Rj+IdzQtBEth2rJ2104jztcfgu75KSiji+P3JjWlECG0IrVws7AkIaQ4jxV9azo9apLGNNvSCurYaDiVCey0Tm5TU4pF1nONKG5FKGQgAT1LuIevb1qK4KVcv2zeBQJm8vt/7vxLVQQjMDfVWt8w3vhMbDLRWbsU5SGUpBVsG7o+WKDTp/BWdkkWlhKLed7CzwecIxaQaGzlOc51kdQUNtljwwXOi2djW1LnB8hLaZrJX/fBjYWghzGFxDmscwOmAJ4XV1Ilk4oajyZcvvDnoYcAAS8uwjJokdGWqpVdfFixNqKSmCROmymtZZlriwok2OzlMHJw1K+gX+17Q0nAd5pPivNyYp8uWzvx5I1xKSJYXiRYTukT5I1igx5zc9zayNay4KytVjiOAdCMjOZlUEbRqUqyWV2bpk6zJEstR8GlBWajkfosjOnmYbd8m4jL/wAu9WkSOqPk3je50FkQQxg5wzhh8yHYTOZEqEK2i3VF/meyCwL0/iT/AFI835Mf2MHEj71XOEzPaSe1S4l1RP5p3/ah/BDLEvkytIMEdgQE8BOwpcK47OkLd49Y3j5K1turrVddjfWDgT3KwtpqOClPZSOjnckiVeXWQGyTSE8pAEgQJzVKupnrBwQy1GskZsN2J5kJcSeA1osbNdGiUbwPkqa8OUTIVG+sf7oOiOk7yCpb1vyJF0WzhsAy+86e06uAVUyHJE83oI4vYe8bwixzOK6YB0WCjG8G6+Jqo7QiDgnNaoOTeyqSRHjWfFu3oH0OVHVpq+O1WK8HhCm0DimQIVvdCrMykZFspnc4eeaI6+IrhR9DXId6kMs7a0zrVBhXc0E6TuFPFabg+2hJTXkk3VaXg4g9wfmHgyM9xWusHKcnRj5/4jRQ9Noy4hZWFCDckRyUcsov6iljUl2bp1pBEwQQciKhMc1Yqz218OrDTW3NvYtJd9+w4lHaDth9k8HfFUyZedGIY+BOkkIRCE0hTNkm6h6z+0+Sl27PqCjXR7buj5/oj2w6RU5bNxOflJJSCxJgXUQAFK0IxhpQxAxsKFOeoAEk6gBmVVxXYnZz7ablbWp+CC8zljIZPcNJ3i1Z2DmZ131mpTNwJvNkjdt3puCQRWvJC9GOW3M8Ao9lBgZlsXvJEg5VyB7tSHDE6/O5MQ4pjWom5OaxAxhyXiZVRAyYS4UCEAStSQzq+ZJwSAaWoDoaNGBlMfPFMESYO7V8EwLzk3eRJ5pxnQlhOYI1b9vUtA5YCBHMKIx2why6A7dlmOByW0ZJVz5v4N8SnWp1TxTrob7XEeaHaMzxKm9m1oymBe5tSKbR2pMTdo7V1HOAMNJzakF7dqHzjTSedNaQypvuIDgYXBoaMR1kl0yABLc0KosrKmcxQmu35PepF7vnEcduWugoN2ztTGgzJpXFWkic3S3VCxJlIokQT2fOacZEuOrRHaU1jpCm1Iw6A3vHcpPZofLRO/8AVea3SI2Nb5p7spT60yzmeM/iwjgB+qAFIqntKRyRrvggAswlATAUrUgEiiUjvl2/qmhetR0TL5zTIRnLeJ9aPADobtRQLQ2VRskd41IjqFK8Ay1zEu1CY2iMW42UzFfit3dkXHAhu/AAeIoVgoDsL5awVruTUbRdD2EPbwdQjtCoYNTdI0T0vIIEXNSrsGgeLlFiLD2aRy9t6jW/ZrCT64Z7+tUJhpQz5ouriiVsuH3y3U5x6ipN02/G8yLjha51Z7JDvPcs7MfJV3cUPQe+gxEMBMyJCpNN5HYk0krDsnusrJSfEaZHTAmXAYTMhxzkQBTYhufNxcG4WlxwtnPCJ0CrhGMyJ03UaROeWyYy3KwgRA5sxqMvnuUJJoqmOeaL0Rsms6Y815yW2GQhja74zWUDCRX0QLEZsntc499O5LbHSE16yt0Gk6xOmVVqugDO4phK9OSDEd4jiigJjnTnuXmoTHTKNJKhDXih4FRmOzlkDTgZEKZhVeyj9xY09bSR5hCQEp6C9yfqQiUkjQC0HSB2g9oV1cVswvaTtr0XUPYZFUcU0G4jzBRrC/VnI9xzW2ujB12wtlD/ADKG8JLivJj4DQXAPDSHA0mZ5g65ojwsM0jKN5MWYfw58SSit5P2YfwWdbZqzKYbHaIv/LiEcPt864tkDRpaRnUEJpX5f9sxzf8AkiIy64Aygw/yhZ+/IknBrAGjUAJDs61q/wBnLcRWNY2A5+27wao7vR7FiOBiWxk/wQXkdpIWlFIOUmc9MDFu7Ne9IybDOstewrpdn9G7D7Vpin/ohnYS4qTF9G0DA6USM5+B2CbmyxyOGYllOS1yQU/Rz6CcQmvW2WKHxQLG80ImZyIHei22sSHxmsJdmnoFeJ0Tvp2qVCdJoG6Xgo14CYA2vHxUkFPwIGUKM3YiyTCmhh4BqeKlNKijNHnNIQ/LuVVFdJ7N4e3rBB+eCtIhyVLbomEtf7sWZ4GYPcnFWxSfRYQ3TmDsoguRMMj3JrmrPg1ZGiN8UyDR8toUp7EHBpN2VWkxM0nJ60fdNZ9zh8R4LSQorhllsNf/AIsTdUUCKwe8R3VW1aVn+RX2MJmM1Z8mX+uc2mlDdnlNpmJ96yVktpbQ5eCs7mvLBaYRcQGl0icgA4ET70cWJbOgsedTmjotcexPaHH75/Lh8epUMTlfZGiZtTTr0Q5wluICgxuXthb/ABIjuDR/qcs8X6N2jWhksyTxl5JQ4AgzFCsDE9JVjFGsiPOzE0dwBQ/+IzT9nY3O6TnDyAWuEvQucfZjL3hcxbI0IUwRnhuwNJxMH5XNTLSQC0mmWyRHHUVprRZIdue6PGguhRHEAhryKNAAJkSKhTbFyfgw6huLpnH3ESTlSMpmGilrnsqKEmh8ZKZg6vnWttFuWA72oMI/2NHeJIP7OWX+Xh/l2pckPsxRYkwZLaROTlmP8Fg4Ag9oUaJyXs08nDcIrpdhKLQWZnm6lKDLNaUcnrOPvP4c6Zdid9R2bWXnjEcexOwszQcqm2sxNiDpLd/VVlGp354h8176BZgCOaBnnMTJ4klNWhNow1ntIwMJzlI8RTyUyzgvMmhxJ1Brlr7BZ4MGfNQsM85Hwnkphtu7vQ1ekKzN2bk7EdV7gwbAMbz4BverGHyegAaTMZ955JPdJTn2x2wILrU7d2IphaFsd1QIZnDhsadoFe1TQ1Vjo7tvgmuiu94o4sVoqyiQZEgOnLaMwmLzTUcVsYn7O2YbeoBI3k/ZP8MnrICseteTt+ydIjQrosrcrO3rKmQ4MIezBYOpNTggZKZaSMmtHUn/AEx+0dihhyUOSpDslfSX+94BNdFd7x7UDEvYkUgsKTvSIeJJNMQWaWaFiXpoGELl7Ehkr00CCYkhemTSTQA4uTHFISmOKAPLyQlJNAH/2Q==" />was speaker of the woolmakers' guild during the Ciompi revolt, and one Antonio was exiled from Florence in 1396.<img src="https://arteis.files.wordpress.com/2013/06/img_1872_knights.jpg?w=500&h=467" /> The involvement in another plot in 1400 caused all branches of the family to be banned from Florentine politics for twenty years, with the exception of two: from one of the latter, that of Averardo de' Medici, originated the Medici dynasty.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b style="background-color: black;"><i>The Confirmation of the Rule</i>by Domenico Ghirlandaio.</b></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Averardo's son, Giovanni di Bicci, increased the wealth of the family through his creation of the Medici Bank, and became one of the richest men in the city of Florence.</span><img src="http://www.claudiocolombo.net/FotoDVD/ilmestieredellearmi.jpg" height="360" width="640" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> Although he never held any political charge, he gained strong popular support for the family through his support for the introduction of a proportional taxing system. Giovanni's son Cosimo the Elder, <i>Pater Patriae</i>, took over in 1434 as gran maestro, and the Medici became unofficial heads of state of the Florentine republic</span><img src="http://www.claudiocolombo.net/FotoDVD/ilmestieredellearmi2.jpg" height="360" width="640" /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Cosimo, Piero, and Lorenzo, three successive generations of the Medici, ruled over Florence through the greater part of the 15th century, without altogether abolishing representative government, yet while clearly dominating it.</span><img src="http://wpcontent.answcdn.com/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gbnere_pace_1.jpg/220px-Gbnere_pace_1.jpg" height="640" width="589" /></span></b><br />
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">These three members of the Medici family had great skills in the management of so "restive and independent a city" as Florence, but when Lorenzo died in 1492, his son Piero proved quite incapable, and within two years he and his supporters were forced into exile [with] a republican government replac[ing] him.</span><img alt="illuminations: novembre 2012" src="http://www.bulgaria-italia.com/bg/info/cinema/images/mestiere_armi_jivkov_cavallo.jpg" /></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b style="background-color: black;">Piero de' Medici (1416–1469), Cosimo's son, stayed in power for only five years (1464–1469). He was called "Piero the Gouty" because of the gout<img alt="A small fierce creature with sharp teeth is biting into a swollen foot at the base of the big toe" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/The_gout_james_gillray.jpg/230px-The_gout_james_gillray.jpg" /> that afflicted his foot, and it eventually led to his death.</b></span><br />
<span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b style="background-color: black;"> Unlike his father, Piero had little interest in the arts. Due to his illness, he mostly stayed at home bedridden, and therefore did little to further the Medici control of Florence while in power. As such, Medici rule stagnated until the next generation, when Piero's son Lorenzo took over. Piero's illegitimate son, Lenihanio, fled from Italy and lived in the Alps for 15 years.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b style="background-color: black;">Lorenzo de' Medici (1449–1492), called "the Magnificent"<img src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-dvLLMzF8g3Y/T4Qna04NORI/AAAAAAAACtg/TqLT5-CFj6Y/s640/lorenzo_de_medici+vasari+uffizi.jpg" height="640" width="488" />, was more capable of leading and ruling a city; however, he neglected the family banking business, leading to its ultimate ruin. To ensure the continuance of his family's success, Lorenzo planned his children's future careers for them.<img src="http://i253.photobucket.com/albums/hh54/fredericdelatour/madonnal.jpg" height="640" width="446" /> <span style="text-align: -webkit-center;">Born in Florence, Clarice is the fourth daughter of Lorenzo de’ Medici and Clarice Orsini. She is little like her humanist father, and takes after her mother’s strict religious personality. She has, however, inherited the Medici pride. She is quick to form judgements on people, and most fall short of her high expectations.</span><span style="text-align: -webkit-center;"> </span></b></span><br />
<span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><span style="text-align: -webkit-center;">Since the death of her father, Clarice has accompanied her elder brother Piero to Rome in exile, to honour her marriage contract.</span><span style="text-align: -webkit-center;"> </span>He groomed the headstrong Piero II<img alt="Agnolo Bronzino - Piero il Fatuo.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Agnolo_Bronzino_-_Piero_il_Fatuo.jpg/220px-Agnolo_Bronzino_-_Piero_il_Fatuo.jpg" /> to follow as his successor in civil leadership; Giovanni (future Pope Leo X) was placed in the church at an early age; and his daughter Maddalena was provided with a sumptuous dowry to make a politically advantageous marriage to a son of Pope Innocent VIII.<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Piero took over as leader of Florence in 1492. After a brief period of relative calm, the fragile pacific equilibrium between the Italian states, laboriously constructed by Piero's father, collapsed in 1494 with the decision of King </span>Charles VIII<img alt="Charles VIII Ecole Francaise 16th century Musee de Conde Chantilly.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Charles_VIII_Ecole_Francaise_16th_century_Musee_de_Conde_Chantilly.jpg/220px-Charles_VIII_Ecole_Francaise_16th_century_Musee_de_Conde_Chantilly.jpg" /> of France<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">to cross the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Alps<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">with an army in order to take the</span>Kingdom of Naples<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, claiming hereditary rights. Charles had been lured to Italy by</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Ludovico Sforza<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, (Ludovico il Moro), ex-Regent of</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Milan<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, as a way to eject Ludovico's nephew</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Gian Galeazzo Sforza<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">and replace him as Duke.</span></b></span><br />
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<span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b style="background-color: black;">After settling matters in Milan, Charles moved towards Naples. He needed to pass through Tuscany, as well as leave troops there, securing his lines of communication with Milan. Piero attempted to stay neutral, but this was unacceptable to Charles, who intended to invade Tuscany. Piero attempted to mount a resistance, but received little support from Florentine elites, who had fallen under the influence of the fanatical Dominican priest Girolamo Savonarola<img alt="Girolamo Savonarola.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Girolamo_Savonarola.jpg/220px-Girolamo_Savonarola.jpg" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">; even his cousins defected to Charles's side.</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b style="background-color: black;">Piero quickly gave up as Charles's army neared Florence and surrendered the chief fortresses of Tuscany to the invading army, giving Charles everything he demanded. His poor handling of the situation and failure to negotiate better terms led to an uproar in Florence, and the Medici family fled. The family <i>palazzo</i> was subsequently looted, and the substance as well as the form of the Republic of Florence was re-established, with the Medici formally exiled. A member of the Medici family was not to rule Florence again until 1512.</b></span></div>
<span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Piero and his family at first fled to</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Venice<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">with the aid of</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Philippe de Commines<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">.</span><img alt="Commynes-recueil-Arras.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Commynes-recueil-Arras.jpg/200px-Commynes-recueil-Arras.jpg" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> In 1503 however, as the French and Spanish continued their struggle in Italy over the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Kingdom of Naples<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, Piero was drowned in the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Garigliano River<img alt="GariglianoFoce.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/GariglianoFoce.jpg/290px-GariglianoFoce.jpg" height="436" width="640" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">while attempting to flee the aftermath of the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>battle<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, which the French (with whom he was allied) had lost.</span><img alt="File:Innocent VIII 1492.JPG" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Innocent_VIII_1492.JPG/524px-Innocent_VIII_1492.JPG" /></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b style="background-color: black;">There was a conspiracy in 1478 to kill Lorenzo with his brother Giuliano during Easter services, the assassination attempt ending with the death of Giuliano and an injured Lorenzo (later Giuliano and Lorenzo were buried together in the Medici Chapel)</b></span><br />
<span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b style="background-color: black;"> The conspiracy involved the Pazzi <img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Retrato_de_Bernardo_di_Bandino_Baroncelli_executado.jpg/220px-Retrato_de_Bernardo_di_Bandino_Baroncelli_executado.jpg" />and Salviati families, who were both rival banking families seeking to end the Medici influence, the priest presiding over the church services, the Archbishop of Pisa and even Pope Sixtus IV to a degree.</b></span><br />
<span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b style="background-color: black;"> The conspirators approached Sixtus IV in the hopes of gaining his approval, as he and the Medici had a long rivalry themselves, but the pope gave no official sanction to the plan. Despite his refusal of official approval, the pope nonetheless allowed the plot to proceed without interfering, and, after the failed assassination of Lorenzo, also gave dispensation for crimes done in the service of the church. After this, Lorenzo adopted his brother's illegitimate son, Giulio de' Medici (1478–1535), the future Clement VII. Unfortunately, all Lorenzo's careful planning fell apart to some degree under the incompetent Piero II,</b></span><img alt="Agnolo Bronzino - Piero il Fatuo.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Agnolo_Bronzino_-_Piero_il_Fatuo.jpg/220px-Agnolo_Bronzino_-_Piero_il_Fatuo.jpg" /><b style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> who took over as the head of Florence after his father Lorenzo's death. Piero was responsible for the expulsion of the Medici from 1494-1512.</b></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b style="background-color: black;">In the dangerous circumstances in which our city is placed, the time for deliberation is past. Action must be taken... I have decided, with your approval, to sail for Naples immediately, believing that as I am the person against whom the activities of our enemies are chiefly directed, I may, perhaps, by delivering myself into their hands, be the means of restoring peace to our fellow-citizens. As I have had more honour and responsibility among you than any private citizen has had in our day, I am more bound than any other person to serve our country, even at the risk of my life. With this intention I now go. Perhaps God wills that this war, which began in the blood of my brother and of myself, should be ended by any means. My desire is that by my life or my death, my misfortune or my prosperity, I may contribute to the welfare of our city... I go full of hope, praying to God to give me grace to perform what every citizen should at all times be ready to perform for his country.</b></span></div>
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<i><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b style="background-color: black;">Lorenzo de' Medici, 1479</b></span></i><br />
<span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">This exile lasted only until 1512, however, and the "senior" branch of the family — those descended from Cosimo the Elder — were able to rule on and off until the assassination of</span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"> </span>Alessandro de' Medici<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">,</span><img alt="File:Jacopo Pontormo 056.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Jacopo_Pontormo_056.jpg/488px-Jacopo_Pontormo_056.jpg" /><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"> first</span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"> </span>Duke of Florence<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">, in 1537. This century-long rule was only interrupted on two occasions (between 1494–1512 and 1527–1530), when popular revolts sent the Medici into exile. Power then passed to the "junior" Medici branch — those descended from</span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"> </span>Lorenzo the Elder<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">, younger son of Giovanni di Bicci, starting with his great-great-grandson</span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"> </span>Cosimo I the Great<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">.</span><img alt="Agnolo Bronzino - Cosimo I de' Medici in armour - Google Art Project.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Agnolo_Bronzino_-_Cosimo_I_de%27_Medici_in_armour_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/229px-Agnolo_Bronzino_-_Cosimo_I_de%27_Medici_in_armour_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" /><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"> The Medici's rise to power was chronicled in detail by</span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"> </span>Benedetto Dei<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">. Cosimo and his father started the Medici foundations in banking, manufacturing - including a form of franchises - wealth, art, cultural patronage, and in the Papacy that ensured their success for generations. At least half, probably more, of Florence's people were employed by them and their foundational branches in business.</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b style="background-color: black;">However, the Medici remained masters of Italy through their two famous 16th century popes, Leo X and Clement VII, who were <i>de facto</i>rulers of both Rome and Florence. They were both patrons of the arts, but in the religious field they proved unable to stem the advance ofMartin Luther's ideas. Clement VII was the pope during the sack of Rome by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and later was forced to crown him. Clement frequently changed his alliances between the Empire and France, which eventually led him to marry off his first cousin, twice removed, Catherine de' Medici, to the son of Francis I of France, the future Henry II of France. This led to the Medici blood being transferred, through Catherine's daughters, to the royal family of Spain through Elisabeth of Valois, and the House of Lorrainethrough Claude of Valois.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b style="background-color: black;">The most outstanding figure of the 16th century Medici was Cosimo I<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Cosimo_I_de_Medici_by_Jacopo_Carucci_%28called_Pontormo%29.jpg/170px-Cosimo_I_de_Medici_by_Jacopo_Carucci_%28called_Pontormo%29.jpg" />, who, coming from relatively modest beginnings in the Mugello, rose to supremacy in the whole of Tuscany, conquering the Florentines' most hated rival Siena and founding the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. Cosimo purchased a portion of the island of Elba from the Republic of Genoa and based the Tuscan navy there. He died in 1574, succeeded by his eldest surviving son Francesco, whose inability to produce male heirs led to the succession of his younger brother,Ferdinando, upon his death in 1587. Francesco married Johanna of Austria, and with his consort produced Eleonora de' Medici, Duchess of Mantua, and Marie de' Medici, Queen of France and of Navarre. Through Marie, every succeeding French monarch (bar the Napoleons) are descended from Francesco.<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Angelo_Bronzino_005.jpg" height="640" width="524" /></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b style="background-color: black;">Ferdinando eagerly assumed the government of Tuscany. He commanded the draining of the Tuscan marshlands, built a road network in Southern Tuscany and cultivated trade in Leghorn. To augment the Tuscan silk industry, he oversaw the planting of Mulberry trees <img alt="Morus alba FrJPG.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Morus_alba_FrJPG.jpg/220px-Morus_alba_FrJPG.jpg" />along the major roads (silk worms feed on Mulberry leaves). He shifted Tuscany away from Habsburg hegemony by marrying the first non-Habsburg candidate since Alessandro, Christina of Lorraine, a granddaughter of Catherine de' Medici. The Spanish reaction was to construct a citadel on their portion of the island of Elba</b></span><br />
<span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b style="background-color: black;"> To strengthen the new Franco-Tuscan alliance, he married his niece, Marie, to Henry IV of France. Henry explicitly stated that he would defend Tuscany from Spanish aggression, but later reneged, after which Ferdinando was forced to marry his heir, Cosimo, to Maria Maddalena of Austria to assuage Spain (where Maria Maddalena's sister was the incumbent Queen consort). Ferdinando sponsored a Tuscan expedition to the New World with the intention of establishing a Tuscan colony. Despite all of these incentives to economic growth and prosperity, the population of Florence at the dawn of the 17th century was a mere 75,000, far smaller than the other capitals of Italy: Rome, Milan, Venice, Palermo and Naples. Francesco and Ferdinando, due to lax distinction between Medici and Tuscan state property, are thought to have been wealthier than their ancestor, Cosimo de' Medici, the founder of the dynasty.</b></span><br />
<span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b style="background-color: black;"> The Grand Duke alone had the prerogative to exploit the state's mineral and salt resources, and the fortunes of the Medici were directly tied to the Tuscan economy.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br />In France, Marie de' Medici was acting as regent for her son, Louis XIII. Louis repudiated her pro-Habsburg policy in 1617. She lived the rest of her life deprived of any political influence.Ferdinando, despite no longer being a cardinal, exercised much influence at successive conclaves. In 1605, Ferdinando succeeded in getting his candidate, Alessandro de' Medici, elected Pope Leo XI. He died the same month, but his successor, Pope Paul V, was also pro-Medici. Ferdinando's pro-Papal foreign policy, however, had drawbacks. Tuscany was overcome with religious orders, not all of whom were obliged to pay taxes. Ferdinando died in 1609, leaving an affluent realm; his inaction in international affairs, however, would have long-reaching consequences down the line.<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Cosimo_ii_de%27_medici_adn_two_.jpg/220px-Cosimo_ii_de%27_medici_adn_two_.jpg" height="640" width="499" /></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="line-height: 15px;">(from left to right) </span>The Grand Duchess Maria Maddalena<span style="line-height: 15px;">, </span>The Grand Duke Cosimo II<span style="line-height: 15px;">, and their elder son, the future </span>Ferdinando II</b></span><br />
<span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b style="background-color: black;">Ferdinando's successor, Cosimo II, reigned for less than 12 years. He married Maria Maddalena of Austria, with whom he had his eight children, including Margherita de' Medici, Ferdinando II de' Medici, and an Anna de' Medici. He is most remembered as the patron of astronomer Galileo Galilei, whose 1610 treatise, Sidereus Nuncius, was dedicated to him. Cosimo died of consumption (tuberculosis) in 1621.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b style="background-color: black;">Cosimo's elder son, Ferdinando, was not yet of legal maturity to succeed him, thus Maria Maddalena and his grandmother, Christina of Lorraine, acted as regents. Their collective regency is known as the <i>Turtici</i>. Maria Maddelana's temperament was analogous to Christina's, and together they aligned Tuscany with the Papacy, re-doubled the Tuscan clergy, and allowed the heresy trial of Galileo Galilei to occur. Upon the death of the last Duke of Urbino (Francesco Maria II), instead of claiming the duchy for Ferdinando, who was married to the Duke of Urbino's granddaughter and heiress, Vittoria della Rovere, they permitted it to be annexed by Pope Urban VIII. In 1626, they banned any Tuscan subject from being educated outside the Grand Duchy, a law later overturned but resurrected by Maria Maddalena's grandson, Cosimo III.Harold Acton, an Anglo-Italian historian, ascribes the decline of Tuscany to the <i>Turtici</i> regency.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b style="background-color: black;">Grand Duke Ferdinado was obsessed with new technology, and had a variety of hygrometers, barometers, thermometers, and telescopes installed in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_Pitti" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Palazzo Pitti">Palazzo Pitti</a>.In 1657, Leopoldo de' Medici, the Grand Duke’s youngest brother, established the Accademia del Cimento, organized to attract scientists to Florence from all over Tuscany for mutual study.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b style="background-color: black;">Tuscany participated in the Wars of Castro (the last time Medicean Tuscany proper was involved in a conflict) and inflicted a defeat on the forces of Urban VIII in 1643.</b></span><br />
<span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b style="background-color: black;"> The war effort was costly and the treasury so empty because of it that when the Castro mercenaries were paid for, the state could no longer afford to pay interest on government bonds, with the result that the interest rate was lowered by 0.75%. At that time, the economy was so decrepit that barter trade became prevalent in rural market places.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b style="background-color: black;">Ferdinando died on 23 May 1670 afflicted by apoplexy and dropsy. He was interred in the Basilica of San Lorenzo<img alt="File:Basilica di san lorenzo 33.JPG" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Basilica_di_san_lorenzo_33.JPG/800px-Basilica_di_san_lorenzo_33.JPG" />, the Medici's necropolis.At the time of his death, the population of the grand duchy was 730,594; the streets were lined with grass and the buildings on the verge of collapse in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" style="background-image: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Pisa">Pisa</a>.</b></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Ferdinando's marriage to Vittoria della Rovere produced two children: Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany and Francesco Maria de' Medici, Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro. Upon Vittoria's death in 1694, her allodial possessions, the Duchies of Rovere and Montefeltro, passed to her younger son.<span style="line-height: 18px;">Catherine de Medici played an important part in the history of Sixteenth Century</span><span style="line-height: 18px;"> </span>France<span style="line-height: 18px;">. Catherine de Medici has been held partly responsible for starting the</span><span style="line-height: 18px;"> </span>French Wars of Religion<span style="line-height: 18px;">. But has her contribution been exaggerated? It is all but impossible to blame one person for a</span><span style="line-height: 18px;"> </span>war<span style="line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 18px;">let alone what turned into a series of wars. There are many other factors involved such as factional rivalry and religious intolerance which cannot be blamed on Catherine. However, there are problems which can be attributed to her.</span></span><img src="http://www.parvimilites.it/images/5_RINASCIMENTO/rinascimento%20italiano/6.jpg" /></span></b><br />
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<span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b style="background-color: black;">Catherine was born in Florence in 1519. Her Italian background was always held against her by those in the French court. She married the future Henry II in 1533 and had ten children. She was the mother of Francis II, Charles IX and Henry III. While her husband was king she stayed in the background as there was no reason for her to grasp the limelight as her husband epitomised the strong king and the nobility appeared to be tamed under his strong leadership of the country. Catherine seemed to be happy in her role of mother. On Henry's sudden death she had to come to the forefront as her eldest son, Francis, did not have the aura that his father had. Francis was a sick and weakly boy. The marriage of Francis to Mary Stuart (Mary, Queen of Scots) further undermined Catherine's influence at court. The obvious physical weakness of Francis stimulated an attempt by the nobles to regain their power that had been curtailed under Francis I and Henry II. It was this move by the nobility that Catherine attempted to stop.</b></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">As Regent to Charles IX, Catherine succeeded in ousting the powerful Guise family from the royal court. Her appointment of Anthony of Bourbon as Lieutenant-General of France was a move to buy him off in his attempt to become Regent himself. Was this appointment a wise move ? It could only worsen the rivalry between the leading noble families in France. The Guise family lost out as a result of this appointment and as they were considered the most powerful Catholic family in France, they could use religion as a tool to further their claims to royal appointments as over 90% of France was Catholic. The Guise family could simply appeal for the support of the French people. In the 1560's support for the Calvinists was </span><img src="http://www.parvimilites.it/images/5_RINASCIMENTO/rinascimento%20italiano/7.jpg" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">limited to a few areas of France and these were away from Paris, the centre of government.</span></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b style="background-color: black;">By removing the Duke of Guise from court, Catherine had made a powerful enemy who could play on defending the nation's faith as a away to gain support from the people. He could also try to get aid from Catholic countries such as Spain, Bavaria and the Papal States. The removal of the Guise family from court was a huge blow to their prestige in France, and the family's humiliation was made worse by the fact that their removal had been done by a woman. In a society where women were seen as being subservient to men, this was a painful blow to the family.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b style="background-color: black;">Catherine put the interests of her children above all else. As three of them were to become kings of France, it could be argued that she was putting the interests of the realm above all else and that it was the noble families who were destabilising France. However, her handling of the nobility only gained her short term results. Catherine had little if any knowledge of statesmanship but by putting herself at the forefront of the political arena on the death of Henry II, it seems unlikely that she could have adapted to the political scenario that existed in France with speed. </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Did Catherine fail to understand the religious problem in France ? There were few who could claim to be a Politique and it is possible that if more had been and both sides had been less intransigent then the wars would never have started. However, a politician has to use what exists at that time and there was no evidence to suggest that either side on the religious divide was willing to compromise.</span> <span style="font-size: small;">In that sense, was Catherine being unrealistic in her drive to get a solution to the religious issue ? It</span> would <span style="font-size: small;">appear that she failed to understand the depth of feeling on both sides and had she done so she might have concluded that compromise, at best, was very difficult to achieve and, at worst, impossible.</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;"><b style="background-color: black;">However, a compromise was worth Catherine's efforts. Why ? If either side was militarily victorious it would almost certainly turn on her and her children. Would the Huguenot Bourbon family, if successful , tolerate a catholic monarchy ? Would a victorious Guise family tolerate a woman who appointed a Huguenot as Lieutenant-General of France ? Or discussed issues with Beza ? Catherine needed compromise as each family was so powerful.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b style="background-color: black;">Her involvement in the start of the second war was an accident. In June 1565, Catherine met her daughter, Queen Elizabeth of Spain at Bayonne. Also present there was the Duke of Alba. He was a staunch Catholic and military leader and Huguenot leaders in France assumed that, they were planning a Spanish invasion to destroy the Huguenots. There is no evidence to uphold this but such was the political climate in France that it was believed especially as Alba then moved from France to theSpanish Netherlands to put down rebellious Calvinists using Spanish soldiers and the region was very near the French border and a cross-border invasion would have been much easier than the Spanish having to navigate a passage through the Pyrenees in the south. </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b style="background-color: black;">Rather than wait to be attacked, the Huguenots attempted to capture the king at Meaux — but they failed. In response, the Catholics took up arms and the war started. The actions of the Huguenots at Meaux shocked Catherine de Medici especially as her son was the intended target and her sole aim was to protect him. She dropped her policy of toleration and moved to the hard-line Catholics. In 1568 as regent, Catherine issued an edict withdrawing all freedom of worship for Huguenots and ordered all Huguenot ministers to leave the country. Who was at fault here? The Huguenots for acting on unsubstantiated rumour or Catherine de Medici for acting in a way that she assumed was protecting her so ? As Regent, her main purpose was to protect the position or the monarch. Catherine also ordered the arrest of Coligny and Condé. This was a sensible move on her part as these two were the two main military leaders in the Huguenot ranks. However, it lead to the third war.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b style="background-color: black;">The third war exposed the crown's chronic financial weakness and a prolonged war was too great. Catherine tried to negotiate a settlement but any conciliatory moves towards the Huguenots was met with anger by the leading catholic families. Catherine de Medici seemed to have got herself into a position by 1570 that whatever she did was greeted with suspicion by the fighting factions and that a compromise towards one side would provoke the other and vice versa.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b style="background-color: black;">Catherine de Medici moved back to a policy of moderation after 1570. Was this a realistic move ? A peaceful settlement would greatly benefit France so it is difficult to criticise her for this move but was it a feasible policy ? Catherine then produced what was considered a masterful move to weaken the power of the Guise family. She planned to marry her daughter to Philip II on Spain. This would give Catherine influence in the court of Madrid at a time when Spain was considered a major military power and the Guise family could not voice a complaint over this as Philip was known to be a staunch catholic.</b></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> However, Philip refused the marriage proposal. Catherine then did something it is difficult to explain - she married her off toHenry of Navarre, son of the Huguenot Anthony of Bourbon. Such a move could only provoke the Catholics of France and it appeared as if Catherine de Medici was simply arranging family links to suit her purposes. The marriage to Philip if it had come off would only have angered less than 10% of the population. The marriage of a catholic member of the royal family to a Huguenot angered a substantial number and for this reason alone it is difficult to follow Catherine de Medici’s logic.</span><img src="http://www.cinemedioevo.net/Film/LO/mestiere05.jpg" /></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b style="background-color: black;">In 1571, Charles IX came under the influence of Coligny. The king called him ‘mon pere’ ('my father'). Coligny got Charles to think in terms of aiding the Calvinists in Holland. Catherine was furious at her loss of influence over her own son and it was made worse when Charles, persuaded by Coligny, sent an army to aid the anti-Spanish Louis of Nassau in the Spanish Netherlands. The French army was defeated and Catherine was fearful that France would be dragged into a war with Spain simply as a result of Coligny’s hold over her son. Catherine decided on a simple solution.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b style="background-color: black;">On August 1572, the nobles of France gathered at the wedding of Margaret and Henry of Navarre. At this happening, Coligny was shot and wounded. If Charles IX ordered an inquiry Catherine's involvement would become plain for all to see. Catherine decided on a massacre of all Huguenot leaders and she persuaded her son that they, the Huguenots, were planning a general takeover of France and that they had abused their friendship of the king. The Saint Bartholomew’s Massacre followed. This was celebrated throughout catholic Europe. Almost certainly Catherine wanted a limited operation but about 6000 Huguenots were murdered in a plan that got out of hand. The consequence of this massacre was to put Catherine de Medici at the mercy of the Guise family who knew of her role in it. In fact, the Duke of Guise supervised the murder of Coligny himself. Catherine de Medici lost all her influence. "Her role shriveled into one of pathetic manoeuvring between the noble factions which really governed France." (Williams)<img src="http://webgossip.myblog.it/media/01/01/3481016022.jpg" style="line-height: 19px;" /></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Her sudden move to extremism alienated both the Politiques and the Huguenots. Catherine was identified with the Catholics at their most extreme and intolerant. The crown was seen to be all but impotent and the Huguenots and Politiques set-up what was essentially a state-within-a-state in the south. This was called Languedoc. The region was lead by Henry of Montmorency-Damville. "Damville was the <span style="font-size: small;">de facto ruler of all France south of the Loire." (Lockyer) This was a damning indictment of the crown's weakness. However, many in </span></span><img src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3006/3092256057_f8ff30e42c.jpg" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Languedoc looked to Catherine's youngest son, the Duke of Alençon to lead them. Alencon hated his brothers as they stood in the way of his desire for the throne. Alencon attempted a coup d’etat which failed and Catherine arrested both Alençon and Henry of Navarre.</span></span><img src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-_LNat0CIb9o/UuE8fMAZ98I/AAAAAAAACzE/Z0GRAGHF5qY/s640/matrimoniodicaterina_75387.jpg" height="640" width="387" /></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;"><b style="background-color: black;">On the death of Charles IX, the Duke of Anjou returned from Poland and became Henry III in February 1575. Catherine urged Henry III to organise his court and then moved away from politics as she expected her son to easily cope with problems. But both Navarre and Alencon escaped from prison and went to Languedoc where Damville protected both. Both men blamed the Guise family for the problems of France as opposed to the monarchy and they organised a military force. The fifth war was uneventful and both Henry III and Catherine realised that the crown would have to come to terms with the Huguenots. Alencon was now Duke of Anjou — a title his brother had given up. He negotiated the Peace of Monsieur in May 1579. This produced a huge catholic backlash and lead to the creation of the Catholic League or Holy Christian Union lead by Henry of Guise. They saw their task as defending the catholic faith at all costs.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-size: small;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">1577 to 1584 was an era of tenuous and fragile peace which could have been broken at any time. In 1588 Henry III dismissed those ministers who had been appointed by him on the advice of Catherine and in 1589 Catherine died of pneumonia</span><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">.</span></b></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19506629514561511.post-29247095684914291102015-03-25T10:13:00.001-07:002015-03-25T11:10:46.863-07:00war in wisconsin<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<img src="http://www.oldgloryprints.com/Bardans_Sharpshooters_by_Troiani.jpg" height="507" width="640" /><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 19.2000007629395px;">With the outbreak of the</span><span style="line-height: 19.2000007629395px;"> </span>American Civil War<span style="line-height: 19.2000007629395px;">, the northwestern state of</span><span style="line-height: 19.2000007629395px;"> </span>Wisconsin<span style="line-height: 19.2000007629395px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 19.2000007629395px;">raised 91,379 soldiers for the</span><span style="line-height: 19.2000007629395px;"> </span>Union Army<span style="line-height: 19.2000007629395px;">, organized into 53</span><span style="line-height: 19.2000007629395px;"> </span>infantry<span style="line-height: 19.2000007629395px;"> </span>regiments<span style="line-height: 19.2000007629395px;">, </span></span><img src="http://allthekingsmentoysoldiers.com/images/ConfederateInfAdvLowRes.01.2013.04.jpg" /><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 19.2000007629395px;">4</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">cavalry</span><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 19.2000007629395px;"> </span><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 19.2000007629395px;">regiments, a company of</span><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 19.2000007629395px;"> </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Berdan’s </span><img src="http://www.gijoecanada.com/images/oryon_union%20sharpshooters_db6034.jpg" height="426" style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;" width="640" /><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">sharpshooters</span><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 19.2000007629395px;">, 13</span><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 19.2000007629395px;"> </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">light artillery batteries</span><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 19.2000007629395px;"> </span><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 19.2000007629395px;">and 1 unit of heavy artillery. Most of the Wisconsin troops served in the</span><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 19.2000007629395px;"> </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Western Theater</span><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 19.2000007629395px;">, although several regiments served in Eastern armies, including three regiments within </span><img height="358" src="https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSGkHco2GyUzpaE86oYwhfvRT6DT5SZh527jKJu3fPPXJT502MAdQ" style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;" width="640" /><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 19.2000007629395px;">the famed</span><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 19.2000007629395px;"> </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Iron Brigade</span><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 19.2000007629395px;">. 3,794 were killed in action or mortally wounded, 8,022 died of disease, and 400 were killed in accidents. The total mortality was 12,216 men, about 13.4 percent of total enlistments.</span><img alt="File:OldAbe005.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/OldAbe005.jpg" style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;" /><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Approximately 1 in 9 residents (regardless of age, sex or qualification for service) served in the army, and, in turn, half the eligible voters served. Wisconsin was the only state to </span><img src="https://scottmingus.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/dobbin1.jpg" style="line-height: 19.2000007629395px;" /><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 19.2000007629395px;">organize replacements for troops that had already been fielded, leading northern generals to prefer having some regiments from the state under their command if possible.</span><img src="http://www.militaryminiatureshq.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Blackcat-ACW-Civil-War-Metal-Figures-3.jpg" style="line-height: 19.2000007629395px;" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">A number of Wisconsin regiments were distinguished, including three that served in the celebrated Iron Brigade— the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Wisconsin_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="2nd Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment">2nd Wisconsin</a>, 6th Wisconsin, and 7th Wisconsin. <img alt="File:Flag of Wisconsin.svg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg/675px-Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg.png" style="line-height: 19.2000007629395px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2000007629395px;">All were noted for their hard fighting and dashing appearance, being among the only troops in the </span>Army of the Potomac<span style="line-height: 19.2000007629395px;"> to wear Hardee hats and long frock coats. They suffered severely at the </span>Battle of Gettysburg<span style="line-height: 19.2000007629395px;"> in July 1863. The 8th Wisconsin, another hard-fighting regiment, was often accompanied into battle by its mascot, Old Abe,</span><img alt="File:OldAbe005.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/OldAbe005.jpg" height="640" style="line-height: 19.2000007629395px;" width="467" /><span style="line-height: 19.2000007629395px;"> a bald eagle.</span><span style="line-height: 19.2000007629395px;">Northeast Wisconsin saw a huge influx of immigrants from Belgium in the mid 1800s. It began in 1852 when two Belgian families decided to make the move to America. They were unhappy with the monarchy and sought what is now known as the "American dream".</span><span style="line-height: 19.2000007629395px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 19.2000007629395px;">Belgians then flooded Brown, Door and Kewaunee counties. They settled towns named after cities in the Old Country, such as Brussels, Namur and Rosiere. These three counties still hold a significant amount of people with Belgian roots.</span></span><img height="350" 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" 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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">It was not long before the new immigrants were forced into major issue the United States was facing, the Civil War. War rosters were first filled by volunteers. When newspapers made more reports of casualties, the number of volunteers fell, forcing states like Wisconsin</span><img src="http://0.static.wix.com/media/15695a07de03a45b48ac63e325e48b6e.wix_mp_256" style="line-height: 19.2000007629395px;" /><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 19.2000007629395px;"> to start a draft. Belgians thought they were safe because they didn't consider themselves citizens, but the government stretched definitions to fit most men. In order for immigrants to receive land, they had to sign a "Declaration of Intent" which said they intended to become American citizens at some point. This made them eligible for the draft.</span><img src="http://thumbs4.ebaystatic.com/d/l225/m/mjECPTw9Zi3_jRjNuG8_qyA.jpg" style="line-height: 19.2000007629395px;" /></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Draft Processes</span></b><img src="http://www.civilwar.si.edu/soldiering_images/berdanuniform.jpg" style="line-height: 19.2000007629395px;" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Each town's assessor was assigned to gather a list of men, age 18-45, healthy enough to fight. Belgian families felt they were unfairly targeted by those in charge of drafts. In Door County,</span><img height="425" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTC3V_4UHE_vBR0fHn1MJo9XYzHLSkTBKJ914_q9-IGN2B62woN1w" style="line-height: 19.2000007629395px;" width="640" /><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 19.2000007629395px;"> 40 of the 63 men drafted were Belgian. There were options for men to skip the draft, but not many, especially Belgian men, were successful. Doctors were flooded by potential soldiers claiming disabilities, which would allow them to stay home. Among the ailments claimed, there were hernias, lameness, poor sight or hearing, varicose veins and ulcers. In September 1862, Dr. H. Pearce verified disability 246 of the 454 men that sought a way out. Of those, 21 were Belgian. Shortly after, the first Civil War draft in Wisconsin was in November 1862. Finances surely came into play when it came to paying out of the draft as of 1863. Those who were desperate and able would pay $300 to get out of the war. A total of 862 men paid this, with a mere 18 of them being Belgian. The last option was for the draftee to find a substitute. This came into effect in 1864. It was difficult to find someone willing to go to war, but a substitute could have been a full-blooded Native American, a minor, or a non-citizen.</span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Riots</span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">After it seemed to many Belgian people that the draft was fixed, emotions began to run high. One of the biggest issues was the language barrier. Few Belgian immigrants spoke English, therefore could not understand why they were being drafted into a war they had no intent of being a part of. Anger soon overcame these men. They would form marches with clubs, pitchforks and guns. They wanted to see fair enrollment processes. In one of the most explosive <span class="goog_qs-tidbit goog_qs-tidbit-0" style="background-color: inherit; color: inherit; display: inline !important; text-decoration: inherit;">demonstrations, colonists formed and marched into the city of Green Bay.</span> They stood outside Senator Howe's home and demanded action. How addressed the crowd from his home. But because of the language barrier, the immigrants could not understand, Howe felt threatened and fled the city. Not feeling satisfied, the mob continued to march around the town until they found a fellow Belgian, O.J. Brice. Brice was able to calm the crowd in their native French. He explained that the drafting process would be filled with justice and fairness. The group was satisfied with his explanation in their own language. They then dissembled and returned home without damage or arrests<span style="line-height: 19.2000007629395px;">While men were fighting, women were often forced to learn how to farm and do other manual labor. Besides having to tend to the home and children while the men were away at war, women also contributed supplies. Quilts and blankets were often given to soldiers. Some had encouraging messages sewn on them. One quilt that was made in 1864 by a group of women in Green Bay had the following poem:</span><span style="line-height: 1.3em;">For the gay and happy soldier</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px dashed rgb(47, 111, 171); font-family: monospace, Courier; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.3em; padding: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">We're contented as a dove,
But the man who will not enlist
Never can gain our love.
If rebels attack you, do run with the quilt
And safe to some fortress convey it;
For o'er the gaunt body of some old secesh
We did not intend to display it.
T'was made for brave boys, who went from the West;
And squiftly the fiar fingers flew,
While each stitch, as it went to its place in the quilt,
Was a smothered "God bless you, boys," too.</span></pre>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19506629514561511.post-80562644470741395902015-03-23T14:40:00.001-07:002015-03-23T14:40:19.691-07:00harris<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The account begins with a description of Harris’ recruitment in the army via the militia and the 66th Regiment of Foot in Stalbridge<img alt="050113 02 Stalbridge church.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/050113_02_Stalbridge_church.jpg" style="line-height: 1.6;" /><span style="line-height: inherit;">, from where he was sent on garrison duty to Ireland and joined the 95th Rifles. The account reveals many details of army life in the period, including a graphic depiction of an execution by firing squad and a description of the actions and progress of a recruiting party through Ireland, which reveals the endemic alcoholism and religious rivalry which Ireland and the army of the time was subject to. Harris notes particular difficulty in separating Catholic and Protestant Irish recruits.</span></span><img src="http://www.dorsets.co.uk/photos/data/media/3/stallbridge_high_street.jpg" style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 1.6;" /></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Denmark" style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">Denmark</span></span></h3>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: black;">Harris was sent to Denmark in 1807, where he participated in the campaign which surrounded the bombardment of Copenhagen</span><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.6;"><img alt="Copenhagen on fire 1807 by CW Eckersberg.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Copenhagen_on_fire_1807_by_CW_Eckersberg.jpg" height="640" style="line-height: 1.6;" width="498" /></span><span style="line-height: inherit;"><span style="background-color: black;">,</span><span style="background-color: black;"> including seeing his first fighting near</span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="line-height: inherit;"> </span>Køge<span style="line-height: inherit;"> </span><span style="line-height: inherit;">and observing</span><span style="line-height: inherit;"> </span>Congreve rockets<span style="line-height: inherit;"> </span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Congreve_rocket_img_2950.jpg/300px-Congreve_rocket_img_2950.jpg" style="line-height: 1.6;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: inherit;">in action for the first time. Harris also recounts further experiences of drunkenness and ill-discipline amongst the largely inexperienced soldiery. He also served in 1808 with several men who had participated in the</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: inherit;">South American expedition of 1807</span></span><img alt="La Reconquista de Buenos Aires.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/74/La_Reconquista_de_Buenos_Aires.jpg" style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 1.6;" /><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: inherit;">, and offers <span style="background-color: black;">comment and anecdotes on that campaign and the subsequent trial of General</span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: inherit;">John Whitelocke</span><img alt="John whitelocke.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/John_whitelocke.jpg/220px-John_whitelocke.jpg" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 1.6;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: inherit;">, whom Harris holds in contempt.</span></span></span></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="The_Peninsula"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">The Peninsula</span></span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In the summer of 1808 Harris was dispatched to Portugal to participate in the opening actions of the Peninsula War, seeing action in the opening skirmish at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93bidos,_Portugal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Óbidos, Portugal">Óbidos</a>and subsequently the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rolica" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Battle of Rolica">Battle of Rolica</a>, where Harris’ unit was heavily engaged and Harris offers a vivid description of the engagement, at which a number of his close friends were killed. This is followed by a description of the Battle of Vimeiro <img alt="Batalha do Vimeiro.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Batalha_do_Vimeiro.jpg/800px-Batalha_do_Vimeiro.jpg" style="line-height: 1.6;" /><span style="line-height: inherit;">where he was again heavily engaged and follows the army on the ensuing march to</span><span style="line-height: inherit;">Salamanca</span><span style="line-height: inherit;"> </span><span style="line-height: inherit;">and the clash with the French at</span><span style="line-height: inherit;"> </span><span style="line-height: inherit;">Sahagún</span><span style="line-height: inherit;">. This is followed by a graphic depiction of the horrific march northwards during the Galician campaign culminating in the</span><span style="line-height: inherit;"> </span><span style="line-height: inherit;">Battle of Corunna</span><span style="line-height: inherit;">. Harris and his regiment were amongst the final troops evacuated from the beaches, and they returned to England where Harris served in recruitment and training positions, thus providing readers with a rare insight into rural Georgian England from a lower class perspective.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Walcheren_and_illness">Walcheren and illness</span><img src="http://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/lookandlearn-preview/A/A012/A012268.jpg" style="line-height: 1.6;" /></span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">It is brash and noisy where once it was sleepy. There are crowds of people where once folk drifted by in twos and threes. There are cars, sounding like clockwork trains as they chug past in low gear, where once big raw-boned horses stepped sedately. There is hygiene, clean air and concrete where once there were stagnant waters and flies. There is life where once there was a graveyard.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Where? On the island of Walcheren at the mouth of the River Schelde on the southern frontier of Holland. There in 1809 a British army lay down and died, victim of criminal neglect, by its government, its leaders and its doctors.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The army had been sent to Walcheren to weaken Napoleon in the west. By destroying the enemy’s fleet in the Schelde, by destroying its arsenals at Flushing and Antwerp, Britain would not only have smashed a significant concentration of Napoleon’s forces but she would have established a powerful base from which to operate in the Low Countries.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Unfortunately, although the scheme looked well on paper, it was based on faulty intelligence about the plans and strength of the enemy and about the nature of the territory and waters.<span id="more-16016"></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Worse still, the Government was unfortunate in its choice of leaders. To command the expedition it chose Lord Chatham. He was a good soldier but he had one fault, he was lazy and, as a result, unpunctual; he was known as the late Lord Chatham, long before his death.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In charge of the naval force was Sir Richard Strachan, again an excellent seaman, but given to eccentric conduct. Either of the two men might have done great things by himself; together, they were the worst possible choice for an operation that depended essentially on co-operation and timing.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In early summer, the expedition was assembled, the greatest armament that had sailed from British shores. The troops numbered about 40,000 and there were 35 ships of the line, 23 frigates and 180 gun-boats and other craft. But it did not sail until July; this was not just a bad omen, it presented practical problems, since the waters along the coast of Holland were notoriously dangerous and the great fleet would have to navigate channels of constantly-changing form in unpredictable weather.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The French were expecting the force. The Government had tried to plan the expedition in secret but French spies kept Napoleon well informed as to its date of sailing and their information was corroborated by some escaped prisoners of war. Napoleon at once ordered the fortifications of the towns on Walcheren to be reinforced.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">After its bad start, the expedition soon encountered further difficulties. Although the main force was to be concentrated on the Walcheren towns – Flushing, Veere and Middleburg – another section was intended to capture the island of Kadzan which lay opposite Flushing and formed a twin sentry at the mouth of the Schelde.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The main army ran into trouble with the weather as it approached Walcheren, changed its landfall and unloaded its troopships in foul seas, leaving men sprawled on the shores barely able to stand from sea-sickness.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The force bound for Kadzan was also unable to make its proper landfall and discovered too late that the island was more strongly held than had been imagined.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Eventually, the main army took Middleburg and Veere and turned to Flushing. But Kadzan remained untouched. This factor changed the course of the campaign. From the smaller island, re-inforcements were ferried across to Flushing. Thousands of men sailed from one garrison to the other and, owing to the disposition of their ships and men, the British could do nothing about it.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The siege of Flushing began. But not without difficulty. The siege-guns had to be hauled into position by gun-horses but they travelled slowly over the island’s narrow roads and, when they were taken across country, they became bogged down in the water-logged fields.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">It had begun to rain, the dismal, grey sheets of unceasing rain that Holland knows so well. And, if that were not enough, Napoleon had ordered the sea dykes to be breached, flooding the British lines. Outside Flushing, the best regiments of the British army floundered knee- then thigh-deep in their trenches, vainly battering the town.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Then in the damp, disease began to spread. Slowly at first, but with gathering momentum. Men fell sick from pneumonia, from rheumatism and from consumption, but most of all they went down with malaria and typhoid fever. Why? The low-lying moist ground was a breeding-place for diseases of this sort and the flies that hovered over the camp and the rats that ran around it helped to spread them.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The Government itself was much to blame. It had assembled a great array of men and armour but had failed to back it up with sufficient money. The troops were quartered in dilapidated hovels and barns, instead of being billeted on the local people, to save the expense of providing accommodation. Their food was salty meat and weevilly biscuit, to save expenditure on fresh supplies from the area. To quench their thirst and drown their misery, the soldiers swigged Dutch spirits, ate tainted fruit and drank impure water. Sickness quickly followed. But, again as an economy, the sick were without warm clothing or blankets.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">An eye-witness, an officer visiting his men, wrote: “I was distressed to see in what miserable places the soldiers were put up. In one house I found fifteen men belonging to the 5th Regiment in a room scarce twelve feet square and with twelve of the men sick, and nothing but a couple of blankets to lie down upon.”</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">At last Flushing fell. But Lord Chatham realised that his men could go no further. Over 4,000 were sick and more were falling ill every hour. His surgeons did what they could for the invalids but they had few resources. Later the Army medical authorities claimed that if the affair had not been a secret and if they had known to where the force was bound, they would have taken special precautions.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Once the condition of the forces was known, however, they were not much help. They tried to recruit local nurses, but in vain. They tried to bring out veterans to act as attendants; but since the Physician in Chief to the Army refused to venture out to the island, claiming that he knew nothing of soldiers’ diseases, it is scarcely surprising that they had little success. Eventually two leading medical men did come out to see what could be done but by then it was too late. All they could recommend was that the sick should be evacuated as soon as possible.<img src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3041/3006519826_a904461e15_o.jpg" style="line-height: 1.6;" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">It was not only the sick who needed to be taken off Walcheren. It was the entire army. It was bogged down, its numbers gravely reduced, while its commanders quarrelled between themselves and quarrelled with the Government. It was clear that nothing more could be done on the island <img src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQGEPZ7PAYN6UPC4z5cCjKi05VIaAHS6VEjiLfLHba3wgKu614G" style="line-height: 1.6;" /><span style="line-height: 21.8400001525879px;">and information was coming in that Napoleon was planning a counter-attack while the force was under strength. In October the Government agreed to a withdrawal and by </span><img height="480" src="https://i1.ytimg.com/vi/LKKG9LEqe28/hqdefault.jpg" style="line-height: 1.6;" width="640" /><span style="line-height: 21.8400001525879px;">December the last man had left. At the final count, it was discovered that 106 men had died in battle; 4,000 had died of sickness; and that of the 35,000 survivors, some 11,500 were invalids.</span><img src="http://w0.fast-meteo.com/locationmaps/Vlissingen.8.gif" style="line-height: 1.6;" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">There have been several instances in British history when a campaign has become notorious for the inefficiency of its leaders, for the ill-fortune of its plans or for the hardships endured by its armies. <img src="https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/5f/b6/b7/5fb6b7cc92212c79198c73e46c478777.jpg" style="line-height: 1.6;" /><span style="line-height: 21.8400001525879px;">But rarely have all three disasters occurred on such a scale. A great enterprise was begun with </span><img height="429" 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" style="line-height: 1.6;" width="640" /><span style="line-height: 21.8400001525879px;">overwhelming confidence for which there was no justification and was mismanaged in such a way that Britain lost many of her best soldiers at a time when she needed every man she could muster.</span><img src="http://mw2.google.com/mw-panoramio/photos/small/31634777.jpg" height="640" style="line-height: 1.6;" width="504" /></span></div>
<div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 21.8400001525879px;">It was fortunate for all concerned that the successes of Wellington in Spain and of the Allies on the continent gradually blotted out the infamous affair of Walcheren Island.</span><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Topografie-Walcheren.jpg/1138px-Topografie-Walcheren.jpg" style="line-height: 1.6;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Starting on 30 July 1809, a </span>British<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> armed force of 39,000 men landed on Walcheren, the </span><span style="line-height: inherit;">Walcheren Campaign</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, with a view to assisting the </span><span style="line-height: inherit;">Austrians</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> in their war against </span><span style="line-height: inherit;">Napoleon</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, and attacking the </span>French<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> fleet moored </span><img src="http://www.gamewire.belloflostsouls.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/LateFrenchLightInfantry600x320.jpg" style="line-height: 1.6;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">at </span>Flushing<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> (Vlissingen). The expedition turned into a disaster – the Austrians had already been decisively defeated at the </span>Battle of Wagram<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> in early July and were suing for peace. Meanwhile the French fleet had moved to </span>Antwerp</span><img alt="OlV toren en Boerentoren Antwerpen vanaf Linkeroever.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/OlV_toren_en_Boerentoren_Antwerpen_vanaf_Linkeroever.jpg/1024px-OlV_toren_en_Boerentoren_Antwerpen_vanaf_Linkeroever.jpg" style="line-height: 1.6;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, and the British lost over 4,000 men to a disease called "Walcheren Fever", thought to be a combination of </span>malaria<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> and </span>typhus<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, as well as to enemy action. The French suffered some 4000 dead, wounded and captured. With the strategic reasons for the campaign gone and the worsening conditions, the British force was withdrawn in December.</span><span style="line-height: inherit;">From England Harris and the 95th were sent to</span><span style="line-height: inherit;"> </span><span style="line-height: inherit;">Walcheren</span><span style="line-height: inherit;"> </span><span style="line-height: inherit;">to participate in the catastrophic</span><span style="line-height: inherit;"> </span>Walcheren Expedition<span style="line-height: inherit;">. The narrator acutely </span><img height="384" src="https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQVYm012AIyO-ZgInT25-oiGPEpQbr_8NRkHdUEv750uKG84obfAQ" style="line-height: 1.6;" width="640" /><span style="line-height: inherit;">demonstrates the squalid conditions and indecisive generalship which led to the ensuing disaster in the marshy land and high summer of Holland. Harris himself fell ill from the ague which killed two thirds of the expeditionary force, and thus also provides an insight into the medical care and treatments available to soldiers during the Georgian period, a </span><img src="http://www.vectis.co.uk/AuctionImages/440/4125_l.jpg" style="line-height: 1.6;" /><span style="line-height: inherit;">disease from which he never fully recovered. For the next three years, despite determined efforts to rejoin his unit in Spain, Harris was unable to participate in the wars due to his recurring</span><span style="line-height: inherit;"> </span>malarial<span style="line-height: inherit;"> </span><span style="line-height: inherit;">fevers. During this period of inactivity and ill-health at the depot in</span><span style="line-height: inherit;"> </span>Hythe</span><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Hythe1830.jpg" style="line-height: 1.6;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: inherit;">, </span><span style="line-height: inherit;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: inherit;">Harris recounts many stories told to him by his comrades and contemporaries of their service on the Peninsula, including tales of the</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: inherit;">Siege of Badajoz</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: inherit;">and the</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: inherit;"> </span>Siege of San Sebastian<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: inherit;">.</span></span><img src="https://c2.staticflickr.com/4/3762/11731861143_3bb27c4663_b.jpg" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 1.6;" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In 1813 and 1814, Harris was attached to the 8th Veteran's Battalion based in London, having been rejected from foreign service by the Duke of Wellington, who decreed no survivors of Walcheren were to serve in his army as none were fit for marching or fighting. There he served alongside several detachments of French deserters, again witnessing the frequent brutal punishment of the day, when a man was given 700 lashes for desertion. Stricken with illness, he was unable to rejoin his regiment during the Hundred Days Campaign and thus forfeited his pension. Nonetheless, Harris’ final words on the subject are very revealing. <i>"I enjoyed life more whilst on active service than I have ever done since, and I look back on my time spent on the fields of the Peninsula as the only part worthy of remembrance"</i>.</span><br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19506629514561511.post-35393515183817576962015-03-19T10:35:00.001-07:002015-03-19T10:35:29.388-07:00desperado<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Outlaw Jesse Evans and three of his gang saddle up and head for the Mexican border. In Fort Davis, Texas,</span><img src="http://pics4.city-data.com/cpicv/vfiles38915.jpg" /> they have been tipped off to the arrest of their compadre, Capt. John Tyson (real name John Selman).</div>
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Stopping in Presidio, Texas, just shy of the Mexican border (see map on opposite page), Evans openly buys a new pair of boots in an apparent attempt to convince authorities that he is on the way out of the country. Instead, Evans and crew make a feint towards Old Mexico, then head northwest towards a hideout in the Chinati Mountains.<img src="http://greglasley.com/images/CA/Chinati%20Mountains%20Scenic%200002.jpg" /></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Riding all night and covering some 70 miles, a Texas Ranger patrol led by Sgt. Ed Sieker stops to water its horses on Cibola Creek,</span><img src="http://www.littlecolonel.com/places/texas/Boerne/pics/Cibolo-Creek-dam.jpg" /><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 18 miles north of Presidio.</span><img src="http://www.city-data.com/forum/attachments/texas/94312d1335188897-what-would-like-living-presidio-texas-brn_bigbend_area-10-.jpg" /><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> One of the Rangers notices a group of riders up on a distant ridge watching them. Using </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">field glasses, the Rangers take a closer look, and as they do, the men on the mountainside move away.</span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Riding forward to investigate, the Rangers soon take fire as the four horsemen mount up and head to the higher ridges. A running gunfight ensues for over a mile as the outlaws climb higher and higher up the range.</span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Trapped at the ridgeline, the four outlaws dismount and make a stand behind a rock outcropping. Led by Sgt. Sieker, the Rangers also dismount and charge forward, firing. Ranger D.T. Carson gets outlaw George Graham</span><img src="http://www.marxwildwest.com/goldmarx%20cb%20shot.jpg" /> in the side, but Graham keeps firing down at the advancing lawmen. As Graham peeks up for another shot, Sgt. Sieker shoots the outlaw in the head, killing him instantly.</div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Seeing Graham fall, the outlaws raise their hands and surrender. The Rangers quickly run up to the fortified position and disarm their prisoners.</span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Only after the surrender do the Rangers realize that one of their squad has been killed. While looking for a knife lost during the fight, Ranger L.B. Caruthers discovers the body of Ranger George Bingham, lying behind a bush, his lifeless hands gripping his Winchester. From his position on the ground, the Rangers theorize that he was gamely trying to pump another round in the magazine at the time of death.</span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sieker later states, “I should have killed them all.”</span><img src="http://www.ifelix.co.uk/oldwest/imagesoldwest100/IMG_8612.jpg" /></div>
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<strong style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Billy the Kid and Jesse Evans</strong></div>
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The Kid is believed to have first met Evans in the fall of 1877 soon after Billy killed his first man near Camp Grant, Arizona<img src="http://media.jbanetwork.com/image/cache/2/5/0/4/6/8_w374_h175_s1_PT0_PR0_PB0_PL0_PC351b00.jpg" height="299" width="640" />, and fled back to the Silver City, New Mexico,<img src="http://www.sunvalleymag.com/core/includes/phpThumb/phpThumb.php?src=/Sun-Valley-Magazine/Summer-2007/The-Specter-of-Silver-City/silvercity2.jpg&w=627&q=85" /> area. Riding with Jesse and other members of a loose-knit gang of rustlers known as “The Boys,” Billy and Jesse caroused in the Mesilla-El Paso area. Legend says that the Kid eventually gravitated to Lincoln County via Seven Rivers, while Jesse and the Boys went up the Tularosa side of the mountain.</div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ironically, the two landed on opposite sides of the fence in the brewing Lincoln County War, with Jesse riding for the House (Dolan and Murphy) and the Kid riding for Tunstall (and McSween). Both bravos survived the war and each other.</span><img src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WH04ocifdvI/UHhQd1LllII/AAAAAAAAJGc/I6mWLfNruaE/s1600/DSCF0565.JPG" /></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">On the night of February 18, 1879, they decided to make peace. Stepping out from hiding on either side of Lincoln’s only street, the two shook hands and vowed to formally end hostilities.</span></div>
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The truce lasted only several hours as the celebrating, drunken en-tourage stumbled across Susan McSween’s lawyer on the street. Two of Jesse’s buddies, Billy Campbell and probably also Jimmy Dolan, started taunting the lawyer with their guns, which went off, killing the lawyer. The group then sauntered over to another saloon, but upon second thought, someone asked the Kid to place a pistol on the body to make it seem as if the lawyer had been armed. The Kid agreed to do the task and skinned out for Fort Sumner. That’s the last time the two outlaws saw each other.</div>
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So it’s more than a little ironic that when Jesse Evans landed in the pit jail in Fort Davis, Texas, he wrote a letter to the Kid (of all people), asking him to come save him. The letter suggests a stronger bond than most would have expected.<img src="http://perlbal.hi-pi.com/blog-images/107722/gd/1181061346/Legends-of-the-Old-West.jpg" /></div>
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So why didn’t the Kid help out Jesse? The answer is found in Ranger C.L. Nevill’s report of August 26, 1880:</div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The prisoners are getting restless. I have a letter they wrote to a friend of Evans in New Mexico calling himself Billy Antrum to cause their rescue, and to use the words he was “in a damned tight place only 14 Rangers here any time, ten on scout and only four in camp now,” and that Antrum and a few men could take them out very easy and if he could not do it now to meet him [Evans] on the road to Huntsville [prison] as he was certain to go. I understand this man Antrum is a fugitive from somewhere and a noted desperado. If he comes down and I expect he will, I will enlist him for a while and put him in the same mess with Evans & Co.</em></span></div>
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The authorities intercepted that letter, and even though the Ranger suspected another would get out to Billy, no record of such exists. It is likely Jesse had no idea his letter was intercepted, and when the Kid didn’t come, he made other plans.</div>
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<strong style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The Bad Guys:</strong></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">•</span> Jesse Evans. Went by a host of aliases. Captured.</div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">•</span> Charles Graham, alias Charles Gross, Graves,<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span>Groves. Captured.</div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">•</span> August Gross, alias Gunter. Captured.</div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">•</span> George Graham. Probably went by alias of Gross, Graves, Davis, Evans, etc. Killed.</div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">•</span> John Selman, alias Gunter, Gross, Captain Tyson. In Jail.</div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">•</span> Albert Graham, alias “Ace” Carr. In Jail.<img src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_nX6o-UEa9Q/UHhQNTpUVvI/AAAAAAAAJHs/46b3gqdUKvw/s1600/DSCF0554.JPG" /></div>
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<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">A Dashing, But Short Outlaw</strong></div>
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<strong style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jesse Evans:</strong> Born in 1853, five feet, three-quarters inches tall, weighing 150 pounds, with fair complexion, gray eyes and light hair. He has two large scars on the left thigh, one above his left elbow and another below.</div>
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<strong style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Aftermath: Odds & Ends</strong></div>
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John Selman was sent to Texas’ Shackelford County,<img src="http://shackelfordcountytexas.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/MainStreetLookingNorth-Undated.jpg" /> where they evidently didn’t want him much because they put him on a nag and told him to “ride hard, fast, and far,” as the authorities fired their pistols in the air for added inducement. Selman landed in El Paso, Texas, where he took up the badge and later became notorious for killing John Wesley Hardin.<img src="http://i.ebayimg.com/00/s/NTY0WDgwMA==/z/N4sAAOSw~uhUmqPD/$_35.JPG" height="452" width="640" /></div>
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Jesse Evans was found guilty of second-degree murder and sentenced to 10 years in the state prison at Huntsville Penitentiary. Arriving at Huntsville on December 1, 1880, Evans entered as prisoner #9078. Almost 18 months later, on May 23, 1882, Evans went over the wall and disappeared from history.</div>
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The Graham brothers had a better lawyer (and a wealthy father) and skipped out after being released on bond.</div>
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August Gross joined Jesse at the Huntsville Penitentiary. He was reportedly released after three or four years and returned to Fort Davis to live out his days.</div>
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<strong style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Recommended:</strong> <em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jessie Evans: Lincoln County Badman</em> by Grady E. McCright and James H. Powell, Creative Publishing Company.</div>
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<em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></em></div>
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Frederick Nolan is preparing for publication a <em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Billy the Kid Reader</em>—a selection of the most important books and articles on Billy the Kid from 1881 to the present day.</div>
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